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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| eBPF | 10% | - Understand the Role of eBPF in Cilium
|
| Network Observability | 10% | - Understand the Observability Capabilities of Hubble
|
| Architecture | 20% | - Understand the Role of Cilium in Kubernetes Environments
|
| Cluster Mesh | 10% | - Understand the Benefits of Cluster Mesh for Multi-cluster Connectivity
|
| Installation and Configuration | 10% | - Know How to Use Cilium CLI to Query and Modify the Configuration
|
| BGP and External Networking | 6% | - Egress Connectivity Requirements
|
| Service Mesh | 16% | - Know How to use Ingress or Gateway API for Ingress Routing
|
| Network Policy | 18% | - Interpret Cilium Network Policies and Intent
|
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NEW QUESTION # 27
In which use case can the Cilium Service Mesh exclusively utilize eBPF without requiring a proxy such as Envoy?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Cilium can implement Layer 3 and Layer 4 forwarding exclusively through its eBPF datapath. IP, TCP, and UDP traffic can be routed, load-balanced, filtered, and redirected through eBPF programs attached to Linux networking hooks. These operations depend on network-layer addresses, protocols, ports, identities, and connection state; they do not require application-protocol parsing by a userspace proxy.
Application-layer operations are different. Cilium's official Service Mesh architecture uses a proxy such as Envoy to parse HTTP, gRPC, and DNS when Layer 7 policy, observability, or traffic management requires understanding individual requests. The eBPF datapath transparently redirects selected traffic to the node-local proxy and retains identity context, while Envoy performs the protocol-aware operation.
Kafka parsing is also an application-layer activity rather than ordinary Layer 3 or Layer 4 forwarding.
Moreover, current Cilium releases removed the former Envoy Go extension mechanism used for Kafka and generic proxylib rules, further reinforcing that it is not an eBPF-only forwarding case.
Therefore, D accurately identifies the scenario in which the Service Mesh datapath can remain entirely in the kernel without requiring Envoy.
Official references
Cilium Service Mesh ; eBPF Datapath Introduction .
Study Guide topic: Service Mesh.
NEW QUESTION # 28
You are managing two Kubernetes clusters, labeled as Cluster A and Cluster B, both of which have Cilium installed. You want to mesh Cluster A and Cluster B together The following characteristics define these clusters:
# Both clusters are configured In encapsulation mode.
# The PodCIDR ranges differ: Cluster A uses 192.168.0.0723, while Cluster B uses 192.168.2.0/24.
# There is IP connectivity between the nodes in all clusters using their respective InternallP addresses.
# The network infrastructure between the clusters enables inter-cluster communication.
# Cluster A runs Kubernetes version 1.28, and Cluster B runs Kubernetes version 1.27.
# Cilium versions also differ, with Cluster A using version 1.14 and Cluster B using version 1.13.
# Both clusters share the same cluster name and cluster ID.
# The Cilium certificate authority differs between Cluster A and Cluster B.
Is it possible to create a cluster mesh given the conditions?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Technical explanation
A Cluster Mesh can be created after assigning each cluster a unique name and numeric cluster ID. Cilium uses the cluster ID when constructing Cluster Mesh security identities, so duplicate values cannot safely identify endpoints from different clusters. The name must likewise be unique. These values can be changed after installation, although all existing workloads must then be restarted so their security identities are regenerated.
The other listed conditions are compatible. Both clusters use the same encapsulation datapath mode, their PodCIDRs are intended to be non-overlapping, and the nodes possess the required inter-cluster connectivity.
Different Kubernetes patch or minor versions do not inherently prevent Cluster Mesh. Cilium versions may differ by one minor release, so versions 1.14 and 1.13 satisfy the documented compatibility rule.
Different certificate authorities are not an irreversible blocker under current documentation. Every cluster must trust certificates presented by the others. Operators may use a shared root CA or configure a CA bundle containing all trusted CA certificates. Consequently, B is too absolute. C is also false because changing the cluster identity is possible, subject to workload restarts. D is unnecessary because a one-minor Cilium difference is supported.
The source's option A is truncated, but its intended corrective action is technically accurate.
Official references
Setting up Cluster Mesh .
Study Guide topic: Cluster Mesh.
NEW QUESTION # 29
What is the correct statement about the masquerading feature?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Masquerading performs source network address translation for qualifying traffic that leaves the cluster.
Because pod addresses are often private and not routable by the external network, Cilium replaces the pod's source address with an address belonging to the egress node. Return traffic can then reach that node, which reverses the translation and delivers the response to the originating pod. B correctly summarizes this behavior.
Masquerading is a form of SNAT, not DNAT. DNAT modifies the destination address, commonly to direct incoming traffic toward another endpoint, so C is incorrect.
Cilium documents its eBPF-based masquerading implementation as the more efficient implementation. The iptables version is the legacy alternative, making A false. Conversely, eBPF masquerading depends on appropriate kernel eBPF capabilities and Cilium's BPF NodePort functionality. It cannot be assumed to work on every kernel version, so D is false. The legacy iptables implementation is the mode documented as broadly working across kernel versions.
Cilium can exclude natively routable CIDRs from masquerading, and administrators may configure separate IPv4 and IPv6 masquerading behavior.
Official references
Cilium Masquerading , Cilium System Requirements
Study Guide topic: SNAT, native-routing exclusions, and eBPF versus iptables masquerading.
NEW QUESTION # 30
Which of these is true of Cilium Cluster Mesh and Network Policies?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Cluster Mesh extends Cilium's identity-aware networking and policy enforcement across connected Kubernetes clusters. A CiliumNetworkPolicy can authorize communication with workloads in a particular remote cluster by selecting their workload labels together with the synthetic io.cilium.k8s.policy.cluster label.
Therefore, A accurately describes a direct network-policy function.
The policies themselves are not automatically copied between clusters. Administrators remain responsible for applying the required policy resources in the appropriate clusters, but enforcement can select and govern remote endpoints once Cluster Mesh has propagated their identities.
Option B confuses authorization with transport encryption. WireGuard or IPsec configuration enables transparent encryption; it is not established by a network-policy rule. Option C is also separate from policy enforcement: cross-cluster load balancing is configured through global-service facilities and service annotations, not through CiliumNetworkPolicy . Option D is incorrect under current documentation because Cilium mutual authentication does not provide a single trust domain spanning Cluster Mesh clusters and is not presently compatible with that multi-cluster arrangement.
Official references
Cluster Mesh Network Policy , Cluster Mesh Services , Mutual Authentication Limitations Study Guide topic: Cross-cluster identity, endpoint selection, and policy enforcement.
NEW QUESTION # 31
What is a correct statement related to BIG TCP, an eBPF-based feature in Cilium?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Technical explanation
BIG TCP permits the Linux networking stack to process packets larger than the traditional approximately 64- KiB limit represented by the IP length field while the packets remain inside the host. IPv6 BIG TCP uses a temporary Hop-by-Hop header carrying the larger internal length, while IPv4 BIG TCP sets tot_len to zero and uses the socket buffer length internally. Before transmission, packets are segmented into sizes suitable for the physical network. C therefore identifies the problem BIG TCP addresses.
Option A is false because Cilium's documentation explicitly states that BIG TCP does not require network- interface MTU changes. The larger objects exist inside the software networking stack and are segmented before appearing on the wire.
Option B reverses the intended performance effect. Larger internal GSO and GRO packets reduce repeated stack traversal, lowering CPU utilization and generally improving throughput and latency. Option D is also false: Generic Segmentation Offload and Generic Receive Offload are fundamental to BIG TCP's operation.
Cilium increases their maximum sizes when BIG TCP is enabled. The source mentions TSO, but the documented mechanism is principally described through GSO and GRO.
Official references
Cilium Performance Tuning and BIG TCP
Study Guide topic: BIG TCP, GSO/GRO, packet-length limits, and performance.
NEW QUESTION # 32
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