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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Security Operations & Incident Response | 20% | - Monitoring, maintenance and continuous improvement - Incident handling and response processes - Cybersecurity Management System (CSMS) |
| Industrial Network Security | 30% | - Threats, vulnerabilities and risk assessment - Industrial protocols security - Network segmentation and security architecture |
| Industrial Automation and Control Systems (IACS) Overview | 15% | - Cybersecurity importance in industrial environments - Differences between IT and OT security - IACS components, architectures and protocols |
| Access Control & Identity Management | 15% | - User authentication and authorization - Security policies and procedures - Role-based access control |
| Security Fundamentals & ISA/IEC 62443 Framework | 20% | - Core security principles: CIA triad, defense-in-depth - Zones and conduits model - Foundational security requirements - Structure and parts of ISA/IEC 62443 standards |
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151. Frage
What do the tiers in the NIST CSF represent?
Antwort: A
152. Frage
What is TRUE regarding safety systems?
Antwort: B
Begründung:
Even the most modern and sophisticated safety systems can be defeated by an attacker. This statement is validated by the discovery of malware specifically targeting safety instrumented systems (SIS), such as the
"Triton/Trisis" malware that compromised the SIS of a petrochemical plant. Safety systems, while designed as independent protection layers, are not immune to cybersecurity vulnerabilities and require specific countermeasures. Integration, such as using Modbus TCP, does not inherently reduce risk to a tolerable level without additional controls.
Reference: ISA/IEC 62443-3-3:2013, Section 4.2.2; ISA/IEC 62443-1-1:2007, Section 3.2.4; ISA/IEC 62443-
2-1:2009, Section 4.2.3.2; TRITON/TRISIS incident case studies.
153. Frage
At Layer 4 of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model, what identifies the application that will handle a packet inside a host?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
Antwort: B
Begründung:
At layer 4 of the OSI model, also known as the transport layer, the application that will handle a packet inside a host is identified by a TCP/UDP port number. A port number is a 16-bit integer that is assigned to a specific application or service that runs on a host. Port numbers are used to multiplex and demultiplex the data streams that are exchanged between hosts and end systems. Multiplexing is the process of combining multiple data streams into one, while demultiplexing is the process of separating one data stream into multiple ones. Port numbers are part of the header of the transport layer protocol data unit (PDU), which is called a segment for TCP and a datagram for UDP. The header contains the source port number and the destination port number, which indicate the applications that are involved in the communication. For example, if a host sends a packet to another host using the HTTP protocol, which runs on port 80 by default, the source port number would be a random number chosen by the sender, and the destination port number would be 80. The receiver would then use the destination port number to demultiplex the packet and deliver it to the HTTP application.
Port numbers are divided into three ranges: well-known ports (0-1023), registered ports (1024-49151), and dynamic or private ports (49152-65535). Well-known ports are reserved for common and standardized applications and services, such as HTTP (80), FTP (21), and SSH (22). Registered ports are assigned by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) to specific applications and services that request them, such as Skype (49175) and Minecraft (25565). Dynamic or private ports are not assigned by any authority and can be used by any application or service that needs them, such as ephemeral ports that are used for temporary connections.
The other options are not valid identifiers for the application that will handle a packet inside a host at layer 4 of the OSI model. A TCP/UDP application ID is not a term that is used in the OSI model or the TCP/IP model. A TCP/UDP host ID is not a term that is used in the OSI model or the TCP/IP model, and it would be more appropriate for layer 3, which is the network layer, where the host is identified by an IP address. A TCP
/UDP registry number is not a term that is used in the OSI model or the TCP/IP model, and it would be more appropriate for layer 5, which is the session layer, where the registry number is used to identify a session between two hosts.
References:
Transport Layer | Layer 4 | The OSI-Model1
OSI model - Wikipedia2
What is Layer 4 of the OSI Model? | Glossary | A10 Networks3
What Are the 7 Layers of the OSI Model? | Webopedia4
154. Frage
Which of the following tools has the potential for serious disruption of a control network and should not be used on a live system?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
Antwort: D
Begründung:
A vulnerability scanner is a tool that scans a network or a system for known vulnerabilities, such as misconfigurations, outdated software, or weak passwords. A vulnerability scanner can provide valuable information for improving the security posture of a system, but it can also cause serious disruption of a control network if used on a live system. This is because a vulnerability scanner may generate a large amount of network traffic, consume system resources, trigger alarms, or even crash devices by exploiting vulnerabilities.
Therefore, a vulnerability scanner should not be used on a live system without proper authorization and precautions. A vulnerability scanner should only be used on a test or isolated network, or during a scheduled maintenance window with minimal impact on the system operation. References: ISA/IEC 62443 Standards to Secure Your Industrial Control System, Module 5: Assessing the Current Security Level, Slide 25.
155. Frage
Which of the following are the critical variables related to access control?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
Antwort: D
Begründung:
Access control is the process of granting or denying specific requests to obtain and use information and related information processing services. It is one of the foundational requirements (FRs) of the ISA/IEC 62443 standards for securing industrial automation and control systems (IACSs). According to the ISA/IEC
62443-3-3 standard, access control includes the following system requirements (SRs):
* SR 1.1: Identification and authentication control
* SR 1.2: Use control
* SR 1.3: System integrity
* SR 1.4: Data confidentiality
* SR 1.5: Restricted data flow
* SR 1.6: Timely response to events
* SR 1.7: Resource availability
Among these SRs, the ones that are most related to the critical variables of account management and password strength are SR 1.1 and SR 1.2. SR 1.1 requires that the IACS shall provide the capability to uniquely identify and authenticate all users, processes, and devices that attempt to establish a logical connection to the system.
This means that the IACS should have a robust account management system that can create, modify, delete, and monitor user accounts and their privileges. It also means that the IACS should enforce strong password policies that can prevent unauthorized access or compromise of user credentials. Password strength refers to the level of difficulty for an attacker to guess or crack a password. It depends on factors such as length, complexity, randomness, and uniqueness of the password.
SR 1.2 requires that the IACS shall provide the capability to enforce the use of logical connections in accordance with the security policy of the organization. This means that the IACS should have a mechanism to control the access rights and permissions of users, processes, and devices based on their roles, responsibilities, and needs. It also means that the IACS should have a mechanism to audit and log the activities and events related to access control, such as successful or failed login attempts, password changes, privilege escalations, or unauthorized actions.
Therefore, account management and password strength are the critical variables related to access control, as they directly affect the identification, authentication, and authorization of users, processes, and devices in the IACS.
References:
* ISA/IEC 62443-3-3:2013, Security for industrial automation and control systems - Part 3-3: System security requirements and security levels1
* ISA/IEC 62443 Cybersecurity Fundamentals Specialist Certificate Program2
* ISA/IEC 62443 Cybersecurity Library3
* Using the ISA/IEC 62443 Standards to Secure Your Control Systems4
156. Frage
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