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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: BGP and External Networking | 6% | - External gateway integration - BGP peering and service advertisement |
| Topic 2: Service Mesh | 16% | - Sidecar vs sidecarless architecture - Ingress and Gateway API integration - Transparent traffic encryption |
| Topic 3: Network Observability | 10% | - Hubble UI and troubleshooting basics - Layer 7 visibility and flow monitoring - Hubble architecture and CLI usage |
| Topic 4: eBPF | 10% | - eBPF fundamentals and relevance to Cilium - eBPF-based networking, security, and observability |
| Topic 5: Architecture | 20% | - CNI integration and kube-proxy replacement - Cilium core architecture and components |
| Topic 6: Network Policy | 18% | - Identity-aware and L3–L7 policy models - Policy enforcement modes - Cilium vs Kubernetes network policies |
| Topic 7: Cluster Mesh | 10% | - Cross-cluster load balancing and failover - Multi-cluster connectivity and service discovery |
| Topic 8: Installation and Configuration | 10% | - Post-install validation and connectivity testing - Deployment methods (Helm, cilium-cli) |
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NEW QUESTION # 18
Which statement about Cilium's identity-based security model is correct?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Cilium derives a workload's security identity from its security-relevant labels. Network policies then refer to workload characteristics such as application, role, environment, namespace, or service account rather than depending exclusively on transient pod IP addresses. The identity is associated with traffic in the Cilium datapath and validated when policy is enforced. This makes B the accurate description.
The identity is not limited to a single pod. Endpoints that have the same set of identity-relevant labels can share the same numeric security identity, including endpoints located on different cluster nodes. This reduces policy-map growth and allows policy to scale with logical application groups rather than with the number of pod addresses. Namespace information is normally among the labels used to derive identity, but that does not make an identity inherently "tied to a single namespace" as option A states.
Options C and D invert Cilium's design. IP addresses remain necessary for packet delivery, but they are not the primary security identifier for Cilium-managed workloads. Pods can be recreated and assigned new addresses while retaining the same relevant labels and therefore the same security intent. Decoupling identity from addressing is precisely what improves scalability and operational stability.
Official references
Cilium Terminology and Identity ; Introduction to Cilium and Hubble .
Study Guide topic: Architecture.
NEW QUESTION # 19
Which component, when available, is able to handle IPAM requests?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Technical explanation
The Cilium Operator handles IP address management responsibilities in IPAM modes that require cluster- wide or cloud-integrated allocation. Current documentation identifies the operator as responsible for IPAM in Azure IPAM, AWS ENI, and cluster-scope mode. Cloud-specific operators populate the appropriate allocation information in CiliumNode resources, after which node-local agents allocate addresses to endpoints from the available ranges.
The phrase "when available" is important because responsibilities vary by IPAM mode. Under Kubernetes host-scope IPAM, Kubernetes allocates each node's PodCIDR, and the Cilium agent consumes that range from the Kubernetes Node object. Nevertheless, among the supplied components, the operator is the component specifically associated with centralized IPAM requests and allocation management.
The Cilium agent implements each node's datapath and endpoint lifecycle but is not the general cluster-wide IPAM answer intended here. Cilium API Server is not the documented allocation component. The misspelled Cilium CNIPIugin refers to the CNI plugin, which requests networking setup when a pod is created but does not replace the operator's IPAM responsibilities.
Official references
Cilium Operator , Cilium IP Address Management
Study Guide topic: Cilium Operator responsibilities and IPAM modes.
NEW QUESTION # 20
Which component manages the allocation of per-node PodCIDRs in the cluster-scope IPAM (IP address management) mode?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Technical explanation
In cluster-scope IPAM, the Cilium Operator allocates a PodCIDR to each node from the configured cluster- wide address pool. It records those allocations in each node's CiliumNode custom resource, specifically under spec.ipam.podCIDRs . The Cilium agent waits for this allocation during startup and then performs host-local allocation of individual pod addresses from the CIDR assigned to its node.
This division of responsibility explains why C is correct. The agent consumes its assigned range and allocates endpoint addresses locally, but it does not independently choose the cluster-wide per-node PodCIDR. The Operator coordinates those ranges to prevent nodes from receiving overlapping allocations.
Options A and D describe Kubernetes host-scope IPAM rather than Cilium cluster-scope IPAM. In Kubernetes host-scope mode, the Kubernetes controller manager assigns PodCIDRs and exposes them through spec.podCIDR or spec.podCIDRs in the standard Kubernetes Node resource. Cluster-scope mode is specifically useful when Kubernetes is not configured to perform that allocation or when Cilium should control the cluster address pool.
Therefore, the managing component and resource are the Cilium Operator and CiliumNode , respectively.
Official references
Cluster-Pool IPAM ; Cluster Scope IPAM .
Study Guide topic: Installation and Configuration.
NEW QUESTION # 21
You are managing two Kubernetes clusters, labeled as Cluster A and Cluster B, both of which have Cilium installed. You want to mesh Cluster A and Cluster B together The following characteristics define these clusters:
# Both clusters are configured In encapsulation mode.
# The PodCIDR ranges differ: Cluster A uses 192.168.0.0723, while Cluster B uses 192.168.2.0/24.
# There is IP connectivity between the nodes in all clusters using their respective InternallP addresses.
# The network infrastructure between the clusters enables inter-cluster communication.
# Cluster A runs Kubernetes version 1.28, and Cluster B runs Kubernetes version 1.27.
# Cilium versions also differ, with Cluster A using version 1.14 and Cluster B using version 1.13.
# Both clusters share the same cluster name and cluster ID.
# The Cilium certificate authority differs between Cluster A and Cluster B.
Is it possible to create a cluster mesh given the conditions?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technical explanation
A Cluster Mesh can be created after assigning each cluster a unique name and numeric cluster ID. Cilium uses the cluster ID when constructing Cluster Mesh security identities, so duplicate values cannot safely identify endpoints from different clusters. The name must likewise be unique. These values can be changed after installation, although all existing workloads must then be restarted so their security identities are regenerated.
The other listed conditions are compatible. Both clusters use the same encapsulation datapath mode, their PodCIDRs are intended to be non-overlapping, and the nodes possess the required inter-cluster connectivity.
Different Kubernetes patch or minor versions do not inherently prevent Cluster Mesh. Cilium versions may differ by one minor release, so versions 1.14 and 1.13 satisfy the documented compatibility rule.
Different certificate authorities are not an irreversible blocker under current documentation. Every cluster must trust certificates presented by the others. Operators may use a shared root CA or configure a CA bundle containing all trusted CA certificates. Consequently, B is too absolute. C is also false because changing the cluster identity is possible, subject to workload restarts. D is unnecessary because a one-minor Cilium difference is supported.
The source's option A is truncated, but its intended corrective action is technically accurate.
Official references
Setting up Cluster Mesh .
Study Guide topic: Cluster Mesh.
NEW QUESTION # 22
We observed Hubble output:
Question 7 Hubble flow exhibit
Explain what may have happened:
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technical explanation
The exhibit records connections originating from default/test and directed to default/test2 , eliminating B and C because those choices reverse the initiating workload. For destination port 80, the flow shows the TCP three-way handshake-SYN, SYN-ACK, and ACK-followed by bidirectional packets with ACK/PSH flags and an orderly FIN exchange. This is the pattern of a successfully established request and response, so the first curl operation succeeded.
The later connection targets port 8080. Hubble records a SYN from test followed by an ACK, RST response from test2 . A reset returned immediately after the connection attempt indicates that the destination rejected or could not accept the connection, commonly because no process was listening on that port. It is not shown as a policy drop; both entries carry the FORWARDED verdict. Thus the network delivered the packets, but the TCP connection itself failed.
Option D is the only choice matching a successful request from test to port 80 and a failed request from test to port 8080. Its displayed IP strings contain source-document transcription defects, but its workload direction, ports, and outcomes match the exhibit.
Official references
Inspecting Network Flows with the CLI ; Troubleshooting with Hubble .
Study Guide topic: Network Observability.
NEW QUESTION # 23
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