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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Data Security and Governance | 18% | - Implement data security controls - Apply governance and compliance best practices |
| Data Operations and Support | 22% | - Troubleshoot data workflow issues - Monitor and maintain data pipelines |
| Data Ingestion and Transformation | 34% | - Build and manage data pipelines - Ingest and transform data using AWS services |
| Data Store Management | 26% | - Optimize storage performance and cost - Select appropriate data storage solutions |
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질문 # 88
A data engineer must orchestrate a data pipeline that consists of one AWS Lambda function and one AWS Glue job. The solution must integrate with AWS services.
Which solution will meet these requirements with the LEAST management overhead?
정답：D
설명：
AWS Step Functions is a service that allows you to coordinate multiple AWS services into serverless workflows. You can use Step Functions to create state machines that define the sequence and logic of the tasks in your workflow. Step Functions supports various types of tasks, such as Lambda functions, AWS Glue jobs, Amazon EMR clusters, Amazon ECS tasks, etc. You can use Step Functions to monitor and troubleshoot your workflows, as well as to handle errors and retries.
Using an AWS Step Functions workflow that includes a state machine to run the Lambda function and then the AWS Glue job will meet the requirements with the least management overhead, as it leverages the serverless and managed capabilities of Step Functions. You do not need to write any code to orchestrate the tasks in your workflow, as you can use the Step Functions console or the AWS Serverless Application Model (AWS SAM) to define and deploy your state machine. You also do not need to provision or manage any servers or clusters, as Step Functions scales automatically based on the demand.
The other options are not as efficient as using an AWS Step Functions workflow. Using an Apache Airflow workflow that is deployed on an Amazon EC2 instance or on Amazon Elastic Kubernetes Service (Amazon EKS) will require more management overhead, as you will need to provision, configure, and maintain the EC2 instance or the EKS cluster, as well as the Airflow components. You will also need to write and maintain the Airflow DAGs to orchestrate the tasks in your workflow. Using an AWS Glue workflow to run the Lambda function and then the AWS Glue job will not work, as AWS Glue workflows only support AWS Glue jobs and crawlers as tasks, not Lambda functions. Reference:
AWS Step Functions
AWS Glue
AWS Certified Data Engineer - Associate DEA-C01 Complete Study Guide, Chapter 6: Data Integration and Transformation, Section 6.3: AWS Step Functions
질문 # 89
A company created an extract, transform, and load (ETL) data pipeline in AWS Glue. A data engineer must crawl a table that is in Microsoft SQL Server. The data engineer needs to extract, transform, and load the output of the crawl to an Amazon S3 bucket. The data engineer also must orchestrate the data pipeline.
Which AWS service or feature will meet these requirements MOST cost-effectively?
정답：D
설명：
AWS Glue workflows are a cost-effective way to orchestrate complex ETL jobs that involve multiple crawlers, jobs, and triggers. AWS Glue workflows allow you to visually monitor the progress and dependencies of your ETL tasks, and automatically handle errors and retries. AWS Glue workflows also integrate with other AWS services, such as Amazon S3, Amazon Redshift, and AWS Lambda, among others, enabling you to leverage these services for your data processing workflows. AWS Glue workflows are serverless, meaning you only pay for the resources you use, and you don't have to manage any infrastructure.
AWS Step Functions, AWS Glue Studio, and Amazon MWAA are also possible options for orchestrating ETL pipelines, but they have some drawbacks compared to AWS Glue workflows. AWS Step Functions is a serverless function orchestrator that can handle different types of data processing, such as real-time, batch, and stream processing. However, AWS Step Functions requires you to write code to define your state machines, which can be complex and error-prone. AWS Step Functions also charges you for every state transition, which can add up quickly for large-scale ETL pipelines.
AWS Glue Studio is a graphical interface that allows you to create and run AWS Glue ETL jobs without writing code. AWS Glue Studio simplifies the process of building, debugging, and monitoring your ETL jobs, and provides a range of pre-built transformations and connectors. However, AWS Glue Studio does not support workflows, meaning you cannot orchestrate multiple ETL jobs or crawlers with dependencies and triggers. AWS Glue Studio also does not support streaming data sources or targets, which limits its use cases for real-time data processing.
Amazon MWAA is a fully managed service that makes it easy to run open-source versions of Apache Airflow on AWS and build workflows to run your ETL jobs and data pipelines. Amazon MWAA provides a familiar and flexible environment for data engineers who are familiar with Apache Airflow, and integrates with a range of AWS services such as Amazon EMR, AWS Glue, and AWS Step Functions. However, Amazon MWAA is not serverless, meaning you have to provision and pay for the resources you need, regardless of your usage.
Amazon MWAA also requires you to write code to define your DAGs, which can be challenging and time-consuming for complex ETL pipelines. References:
AWS Glue Workflows
AWS Step Functions
AWS Glue Studio
Amazon MWAA
AWS Certified Data Engineer - Associate DEA-C01 Complete Study Guide
질문 # 90
A company currently stores all of its data in Amazon S3 by using the S3 Standard storage class.
A data engineer examined data access patterns to identify trends. During the first 6 months, most data files are accessed several times each day. Between 6 months and 2 years, most data files are accessed once or twice each month. After 2 years, data files are accessed only once or twice each year.
The data engineer needs to use an S3 Lifecycle policy to develop new data storage rules. The new storage solution must continue to provide high availability.
Which solution will meet these requirements in the MOST cost-effective way?
정답：A
설명：
To achieve the most cost-effective storage solution, the data engineer needs to use an S3 Lifecycle policy that transitions objects to lower-cost storage classes based on their access patterns, and deletes them when they are no longer needed. The storage classes should also provide high availability, which means they should be resilient to the loss of data in a single Availability Zone1. Therefore, the solution must include the following steps:
Transition objects to S3 Standard-Infrequent Access (S3 Standard-IA) after 6 months. S3 Standard-IA is designed for data that is accessed less frequently, but requires rapid access when needed. It offers the same high durability, throughput, and low latency as S3 Standard, but with a lower storage cost and a retrieval fee2. Therefore, it is suitable for data files that are accessed once or twice each month. S3 Standard-IA also provides high availability, as it stores data redundantly across multiple Availability Zones1.
Transfer objects to S3 Glacier Deep Archive after 2 years. S3 Glacier Deep Archive is the lowest-cost storage class that offers secure and durable storage for data that is rarely accessed and can tolerate a 12-hour retrieval time. It is ideal for long-term archiving and digital preservation3. Therefore, it is suitable for data files that are accessed only once or twice each year. S3 Glacier Deep Archive also provides high availability, as it stores data across at least three geographically dispersed Availability Zones1.
Delete objects when they are no longer needed. The data engineer can specify an expiration action in the S3 Lifecycle policy to delete objects after a certain period of time. This will reduce the storage cost and comply with any data retention policies.
Option C is the only solution that includes all these steps. Therefore, option C is the correct answer.
Option A is incorrect because it transitions objects to S3 One Zone-Infrequent Access (S3 One Zone-IA) after 6 months. S3 One Zone-IA is similar to S3 Standard-IA, but it stores data in a single Availability Zone. This means it has a lower availability and durability than S3 Standard-IA, and it is not resilient to the loss of data in a single Availability Zone1. Therefore, it does not provide high availability as required.
Option B is incorrect because it transfers objects to S3 Glacier Flexible Retrieval after 2 years. S3 Glacier Flexible Retrieval is a storage class that offers secure and durable storage for data that is accessed infrequently and can tolerate a retrieval time of minutes to hours. It is more expensive than S3 Glacier Deep Archive, and it is not suitable for data that is accessed only once or twice each year3. Therefore, it is not the most cost-effective option.
Option D is incorrect because it combines the errors of option A and B. It transitions objects to S3 One Zone-IA after 6 months, which does not provide high availability, and it transfers objects to S3 Glacier Flexible Retrieval after 2 years, which is not the most cost-effective option.
Reference:
1: Amazon S3 storage classes - Amazon Simple Storage Service
2: Amazon S3 Standard-Infrequent Access (S3 Standard-IA) - Amazon Simple Storage Service
3: Amazon S3 Glacier and S3 Glacier Deep Archive - Amazon Simple Storage Service
[4]: Expiring objects - Amazon Simple Storage Service
[5]: Managing your storage lifecycle - Amazon Simple Storage Service
[6]: Examples of S3 Lifecycle configuration - Amazon Simple Storage Service
[7]: Amazon S3 Lifecycle further optimizes storage cost savings with new features - What's New with AWS
질문 # 91
A company uses AWS Key Management Service (AWS KMS) to encrypt an Amazon Redshift cluster. The company wants to configure a cross-Region snapshot of the Redshift cluster as part of disaster recovery (DR) strategy.
A data engineer needs to use the AWS CLI to create the cross-Region snapshot.
Which combination of steps will meet these requirements? (Select TWO.)
정답：B,C
설명：
To perform cross-Region snapshot copying of an encrypted Redshift cluster, AWS documentation and the exam study guide clearly outline two essential steps:
* You must create a snapshot copy grant in thedestination Region.This allows Amazon Redshift to encrypt the snapshots using the specified AWS KMS key.
* You must enable snapshot copying in thesource Regionand specify the name of the snapshot copy grant that was created in thedestination Region.
From the study guide:
"To enable cross-region copy of encrypted snapshots, you must create a snapshot copy grant in the destination Region and enable snapshot copying in the source Region by specifying the snapshot copy grant name."
-Ace the AWS Certified Data Engineer - Associate Certification - version 2 - apple.pdf OptionE(Multi-AZ deployment) is not applicable to Amazon Redshift, which does not support Multi-AZ configurations like Amazon RDS.
질문 # 92
A data engineer wants to optimize the runtime performance of an AWS Glue extract, transform, and load (ETL) job. The job processes large JSON files from Amazon S3. The job currently reads all fields from the source files but transforms only a subset of the fields.
Which solution will meet these requirements?
정답：C
설명：
The correct answer is B because the performance issue is caused by reading unnecessary data. The best optimization is to reduce the amount of data and schema fields that the AWS Glue job reads before transformation. Pushdown-style filtering and selecting only required fields reduce scan and serialization overhead, especially when the job transforms only a subset of the JSON structure. Job bookmarks help track previously processed data, but they do not reduce the amount of data read within each file. Splitting the job into several smaller jobs increases orchestration and does not solve unnecessary field reads. An AWS Glue crawler catalogs metadata; it does not convert JSON files into Parquet. Therefore, restricting the source schema and pushing filtering closer to the source is the best available answer.
질문 # 93
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