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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Service Mesh | 16% | - Sidecar vs sidecarless architecture - Transparent traffic encryption - Ingress and Gateway API integration |
| Topic 2: Cluster Mesh | 10% | - Cross-cluster load balancing and failover - Multi-cluster connectivity and service discovery |
| Topic 3: BGP and External Networking | 6% | - External gateway integration - BGP peering and service advertisement |
| Topic 4: Installation and Configuration | 10% | - Post-install validation and connectivity testing - Deployment methods (Helm, cilium-cli) |
| Topic 5: Network Policy | 18% | - Cilium vs Kubernetes network policies - Policy enforcement modes - Identity-aware and L3–L7 policy models |
| Topic 6: Architecture | 20% | - Cilium core architecture and components - CNI integration and kube-proxy replacement |
| Topic 7: eBPF | 10% | - eBPF-based networking, security, and observability - eBPF fundamentals and relevance to Cilium |
| Topic 8: Network Observability | 10% | - Layer 7 visibility and flow monitoring - Hubble architecture and CLI usage - Hubble UI and troubleshooting basics |
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NEW QUESTION # 46
You are creating a Cilium network policy for pods with the label app: frontend . The policy should allow all pods with that label to communicate with destinations inside 192.168.e.e/24 and using TCP on port 8888.
For example:
# Traffic to 192.168.9.23:8888 should be allowed
# Traffic to 192.168.10.5:8888 should be denied.
# Traffic to 192.168.9.12:5606 should be denied.
Which of the following policies is correct?
A)
Option A
B)
Option B
C)
Option C
D)
Option D
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Option C has the correct Cilium policy structure. It selects pods labeled app: frontend , creates an egress rule with a valid CIDR entry, and combines that destination constraint with toPorts , port 8888 , and protocol TCP
. Because the CIDR and port restriction are in the same egress rule, traffic must meet both conditions.
Option A uses an unsupported address-range structure with from and to fields rather than CIDR notation.
Option B initially resembles the correct form but contains an additional malformed ports item at the egress- rule level. Option D uses unsupported action: allow and action: deny fields inside toPorts ; Cilium allow and deny behavior is expressed through policy sections such as egress and egressDeny , not per-port action properties.
The item is nevertheless defective. The prose and examples indicate 192.168.9.0/24 , while all displayed CIDR-based options specify 192.168.0.0/24 ; the source text itself shows the corrupted 192.168.e.e/24 . If
192.168.9.0/24 is authoritative, none of the exhibits permits the stated example. The supplied key B is structurally incorrect under the displayed manifests.
Official references
Cilium Layer 3 and CIDR Policies
Study Guide topic: CIDR selectors, Layer 4 ports, and rule composition.
NEW QUESTION # 47
You are tasked to install Cilium and enable transparent encryption in a cluster in which the following conditions applies:
# Internal cluster traffic is IPv6-only
# The current cluster is running on 5001 nodes
# The cluster is planned to connect to another cluster which has 5001 nodes through Cluster Mesh What are your recommendations regarding transparent encryption?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Technical explanation
A is a supported recommendation: Cilium's WireGuard implementation provides transparent encryption between Cilium-managed endpoints, works with Cluster Mesh, and distributes node public keys to remote clusters through clustermesh-apiserver . All participating clusters must enable WireGuard, and inter-cluster firewalls must permit UDP port 51871. IPv6-only pod traffic does not inherently disqualify WireGuard.
However, this question is no longer uniquely answerable from current Cilium documentation. Current IPsec documentation supports IPv6 pod-to-pod connectivity and sets its cluster or Cluster Mesh limit at more than
65,535 nodes. The described mesh contains 10,002 nodes, so option B is also technically supportable under the stated facts. The older distinction apparently assumed by the supplied key is no longer sufficient to exclude IPsec.
Options C and D are definitively false. Ten thousand and two nodes remain below the documented IPsec ceiling, and transparent encryption is not restricted to IPv4. WireGuard may still be selected for its automatic per-node key-pair distribution and simpler Cluster Mesh integration, but workload performance, kernel support, firewall rules, key-management requirements, and operational testing should inform a production recommendation.
Official references
WireGuard Transparent Encryption , IPsec Transparent Encryption
Study Guide topic: Transparent-encryption selection, IPv6, Cluster Mesh, and scaling limits.
NEW QUESTION # 48
Which of these observability features is NOT supported by Hubble?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Hubble does not obtain Layer 7 protocol visibility exclusively through eBPF without a proxy. By default, Cilium's datapath exposes Layer 3 and Layer 4 flow information. To produce supported application-layer events, traffic is selected through an L7 Cilium policy and redirected to the node-local Envoy proxy. Envoy parses the application protocol and forwards access-log information that Cilium and Hubble expose as Layer
7 flow events.
The other capabilities are supported. Hubble flow records contain the observing node, and the CLI provides node-based filtering. HTTP-aware flows can contain response status codes, enabling inspection or filtering for results such as 200 and 404. Hubble also records forwarding verdicts and drop reasons. Operators can filter for DROPPED traffic and distinguish policy-denied connections from forwarded traffic and other failure conditions.
This separation is fundamental to Cilium's architecture: eBPF provides efficient kernel-level forwarding, security enforcement, and L3/L4 observability, while Envoy supplies protocol parsing when request-level context is required. The integration remains transparent to applications, but the proxy is still present in the traffic path for Layer 7 visibility.
Therefore, B describes the unsupported mechanism and is the correct answer.
Official references
Layer 7 Protocol Visibility ; Envoy ; Hubble CLI .
Study Guide topic: Network Observability.
NEW QUESTION # 49
What is correct about this Cilium Network Policy?
Question 21 Cilium Network Policy exhibit
Answer: A
Explanation:
Technical explanation
The intended policy selects every Cilium-managed endpoint in the namespace where the CiliumNetworkPolicy is created because endpointSelector: {} is empty. The manifest does not specify metadata.namespace ; if it is applied normally in the default namespace, the selected endpoints are therefore all pods in default , not pods across every namespace. The egress destination selector identifies pods in kube- system carrying k8s-app: kube-dns , while matchPattern: "*" allows all DNS query names handled by the DNS rule. This supports the intended answer A.
There is, however, a material defect in the exhibit: toPorts is a list in the Cilium policy schema, but the image shows rules directly beneath toPorts without a preceding list marker. The official form is toPorts: , followed by - ports: and rules: within that list item. Port 53 and its protocol should also be stated explicitly. Exactly as displayed, the manifest should not be treated as a valid deployable policy.
The question should be corrected before examination use. Once the missing list item and port definition are restored, A accurately describes its scope and effect.
Official references
Using Kubernetes Constructs in Policy ; Layer 7 Protocol Visibility .
Study Guide topic: Network Policy.
NEW QUESTION # 50
As a Kubernetes user, you have deployed the following Cilium Network Policy:
Cilium Layer 7 network policy exhibit
The network policy is not having any effect. What Is the Issue?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Technical explanation
The policy attaches an HTTP Layer 7 rule to port 80 but omits protocol: TCP from the associated ports entry.
HTTP policy is layered on a Layer 4 TCP rule, and the documented Cilium form explicitly identifies TCP before specifying the HTTP method and path. D therefore identifies the configuration defect intended by the question.
The cross-namespace source selection is valid. The policy resides in namespace back and selects backend pods there. Its fromEndpoints selector explicitly includes k8s:io.kubernetes.pod.namespace: blog , allowing it to select matching app-frontend endpoints in that other namespace. Option A is consequently not an error.
The k8s: source prefix in k8s:app.kubernetes.io/name is also valid Cilium label syntax and identifies the Kubernetes label source, making B false. Port 80 may be used in a Cilium policy; the privileged-port restriction concerns which processes may bind low-numbered ports under operating-system permissions, not whether a network policy can reference them.
The corrected port entry should contain port: "80" together with protocol: TCP .
Official references
Cilium Layer 7 Policies , Kubernetes Constructs in Cilium Policy
Study Guide topic: Combining Layer 4 port rules with Layer 7 HTTP policies.
NEW QUESTION # 51
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