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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Surgical Nursing | - Preoperative and postoperative care - Sterile technique and instrumentation |
| Topic 2: Emergency Medicine and Critical Care | - Triage and stabilization - Shock management and CPR |
| Topic 3: Pain Management and Analgesia | - Analgesic drug use - Pain assessment techniques |
| Topic 4: Laboratory Procedures | - Urinalysis and microbiology - Hematology and clinical pathology |
| Topic 5: Anesthesia | - Anesthetic protocols and equipment - Anesthetic monitoring |
| Topic 6: Diagnostic Imaging | - Image processing and interpretation basics - Radiography positioning and safety |
| Topic 7: Dentistry | - Dental prophylaxis procedures - Oral anatomy and disease recognition |
| Topic 8: Pharmacology | - Drug classifications and uses - Dosage calculations and administration |
| Topic 9: Animal Care and Nursing | - Nutrition and husbandry - Patient handling and restraint |
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NEW QUESTION # 1023
What rule of thumb can be used to guesstimate the endotracheal tube size needed for dogs?
Answer: C
Explanation:
A general rule of thumb is that patients at ideal body weight, not exceptionally small or large, and non-brachycephalic breeds use 20 kg as the starting point. A 20 kg dog usually needs a 9.5 to 10 mm tube. For each 5 kg above and below that weight range, you go up or down in 1 mm increments.
Thus, a 10 kg patient would likely need between a 7.5 and 8 mm tube, while a 25 kg patient would require a 10.5 to 11 mm tube.
NEW QUESTION # 1024
When patients undergo surgery and anesthetic procedures, the standard of care often dictates intravenous fluid therapy. The objectives of monitoring fluids while a patient is anesthetized include all of the following except:
Answer: A
Explanation:
Reasons for fluid therapy and monitoring during anesthesia include:
*Ensure adequate blood volume
*Ensure proper tissue perfusion
*Ensure adequate cardiac output - not decrease or increase it; simply maintain it via controlling all other parameters and related factors that go into controlling cardiac output
*Replace insensible losses (losses from the respiratory tract, skin, and lungs)
*Maintain patent IV access in case of emergency, in case additional IV medications are needed to control pain, provide additional anesthetic support, improve blood pressure, and a place to provide peri-operative antibiotics if indicated Fluids could be of various types, including blood products, crystalloids, or colloids to support an anesthetized patient.
Preanesthetic planning should include a discussion of fluid therapy for each individual patient. One size doesn't fit all.
NEW QUESTION # 1025
What is the name of the muscle that provides support to the joints?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Fixators are the muscles that provide support to the joints. The fixator holds the joint in place so that other muscles can effectively produce movement of the bones associated with that joint.
Agonist is the name given to a muscle that is the primary producer of a movement. Synergist is the name of the muscle that assists the agonist in movement. Adductor is the name of any muscle that draws a body part toward the body's median line (abducts).
NEW QUESTION # 1026
When monitoring vital signs, the American College of Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia's (ACVAA) Recommendations for Monitoring Anesthetized Veterinary Patients group vital signs into three classifications, including all of the following except:
Answer: D
Explanation:
The ACVAA's group on monitoring anesthesia discusses vital signs as only loosely correlated with anesthetic depth. However, knowing when a patient's heart rate, rhythm, respiratory rate and depth, capillary refill time, temperature, blood pressure, and mucous membrane colors are abnormal may help you determine what surgical plane of anesthesia you should be in time. Various factors affect the surgical plane and the body's response to surgery, anesthesia, pain, and other stimuli. Thus, we cannot solely rely on the classic vital signs to determine if a patient is stable and in the correct surgical anesthetic plane.
The ACVAA classifies vital signs into 3 groups.
Indicators of circulation. These include:
*Heart rate
*Blood pressure (Indirect measure via Doppler or oscillometric monitor or directly via an arterial catheter)
*Capillary refill time
*Mucous membrane color
*Pulse strength (determined by palpation of a peripheral artery such as the femoral, carotid, lingual, or in small animals, the dorsal pedal, and in large animals, the facial, digital, dorsal pedal, or auricular arteries) Indicators of oxygenation. These include:
*Pulse oximetry
*Measuring dissolved blood oxygen via a blood gas
*Mucous membrane color, the only physical indicator of oxygenation, will change, but once the change is visibly evident (cyanosis), intervention is often too late, and it is not accurate in the presence of anemia; thus, just a crude indicator of oxygenation.
Indicators of ventilation. These include:
*Respiratory rate
*Respiratory effort
*Tidal Volume
*Capnography
*Blood gas analysis
The first of these three is visually monitoring the expansion and contraction of the reservoir bag, unidirectional flow through the valves, via monitoring equipment, or simply by watching the chest wall rise and fall.
Ideally, you will have evaluated the animal's normal quality and depth of respiration when awake to determine if there is a significant change from normal once anesthetized.
The above three indicators are what the ACVAA classifies as the three key vital sign classifications. However, there are other indicators of anesthetic depth, including reflexes. Reflexes, involuntary, protective responses by the body can further assess anesthetic depth based on the procedure being performed. These include:
*Palpebral reflex
*Swallowing reflex
*Pedal reflex
*Corneal reflex
*Muscle jaw tone
*Eye position and pupil size
Most patients' eye position and pupil size for a proper surgical anesthetic plane will have ventromedial deviation. For some horses, the eyes may change from ventromedial to central and revert back. On the other hand, nystagmus often signifies a light plane of anesthesia.
Finally, a response to surgical stimuli can also help determine the anesthetic depth, and monitoring key parameters at times when you know there will be an increase in noxious stimuli is paramount and part of your job as a technician monitoring anesthesia and the patient's overall well-being and safety during the procedure.
NEW QUESTION # 1027
Veterinary theriogenology is the study of what subject?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Veterinary theriogenology is the study of reproduction, including gynecology, obstetrics, and andrology.
Veterinary epidemiology is the study of diseases within populations. Veterinary oncology is the study of abnormal cellular growth (cancer). Veterinary cardiology is the study of the heart and lungs.
NEW QUESTION # 1028
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