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| Certification Vendor: | ISACA |
|---|---|
| Exam Name: | Certified Information Systems Auditor |
| Exam Number: | CISA |
| Certificate Validity Period: | 3 years |
| Exam Format: | Computer-based testing, Multiple-choice questions |
| Exam Price: | US$575 (member) / US$760 (non-member) |
| Available Languages: | Spanish, German, French, Japanese, Chinese (Simplified), Italian, Korean, English, Turkish |
| Passing Score: | 450 (scaled 200–800) |
| Exam Duration: | 240 minutes |
| Related Certifications: | CISM CDPSE CRISC CGEIT |
| Real Exam Qty: | 150 |
| Recommended Training: | CISA Online Review Course CISA Review Manual |
| Exam Registration: | ISACA Official Registration |
| Sample Questions: | ISACA CISA Sample Questions |
| Exam Way: | Computer-based; available at authorized PSI test centers worldwide or via remote online proctoring |
| Pre Condition: | No mandatory prerequisite exams; requires 5 years of professional experience in information systems auditing, control, or security (with allowed substitutions up to 3 years) to obtain certification after passing |
| Official Syllabus URL: | https://www.isaca.org/credentialing/cisa/cisa-exam-content-outline |
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To prepare for the CISA Exam, candidates can take advantage of various resources such as study materials, practice exams, and training courses. ISACA offers a range of resources to help candidates prepare for the exam, including study guides, review courses, and practice exams. Candidates can also take advantage of online forums and study groups to connect with other professionals and share study tips and strategies.
NEW QUESTION # 827
An IS auditor finds that a recently deployed application has a number of developers with inappropriate update access left over from the testing environment Which of the following would have BEST prevented the update access from being migrated?
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 828
An IS auditor is reviewing database fields updated in real-time and displayed through other applications in multiple organizational functions. When validating business approval for these various use cases, which of the following sources of information would be the BEST starting point?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Understanding the business process flow is crucial as it provides insights into how different applications and organizational functions use and update the database fields in real-time. This perspective helps the auditor validate that appropriate business approvals are in place for these use cases.
References
* ISACA CISA Review Manual 27th Edition, Page 128-129 (Business Process Flow)
NEW QUESTION # 829
Database snapshots can provide an excellent audit trail for an IS auditor. True or false?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
Database snapshots can provide an excellent audit trail for an IS auditor.
NEW QUESTION # 830
Which of the following is NOT an example of corrective control?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Section: The process of Auditing Information System
Explanation:
The word NOT is used as a keyword in the question. You need to find out a security control from given options which in not corrective control. System Monitoring is a detective control and not a corrective control.
For your exam you should know below information about different security controls Deterrent Controls Deterrent Controls are intended to discourage a potential attacker. Access controls act as a deterrent to threats and attacks by the simple fact that the existence of the control is enough to keep some potential attackers from attempting to circumvent the control. This is often because the effort required to circumvent the control is far greater than the potential reward if the attacker is successful, or, conversely, the negative implications of a failed attack (or getting caught) outweigh the benefits of success. For example, by forcing the identification and authentication of a user, service, or application, and all that it implies, the potential for incidents associated with the system is significantly reduced because an attacker will fear association with the incident. If there are no controls for a given access path, the number of incidents and the potential impact become infinite. Controls inherently reduce exposure to risk by applying oversight for a process.
This oversight acts as a deterrent, curbing an attacker's appetite in the face of probable repercussions.
The best example of a deterrent control is demonstrated by employees and their propensity to intentionally perform unauthorized functions, leading to unwanted events. When users begin to understand that by authenticating into a system to perform a function, their activities are logged and monitored, and it reduces the likelihood they will attempt such an action. Many threats are based on the anonymity of the threat agent, and any potential for identification and association with their actions is avoided at all costs. It is this fundamental reason why access controls are the key target of circumvention by attackers. Deterrents also take the form of potential punishment if users do something unauthorized. For example, if the organization policy specifies that an employee installing an unauthorized wireless access point will be fired, that will determine most employees from installing wireless access points.
Preventative Controls
Preventive controls are intended to avoid an incident from occurring. Preventative access controls keep a user from performing some activity or function. Preventative controls differ from deterrent controls in that the control is not optional and cannot (easily) be bypassed. Deterrent controls work on the theory that it is easier to obey the control rather than to risk the consequences of bypassing the control. In other words, the power for action resides with the user (or the attacker). Preventative controls place the power of action with the system, obeying the control is not optional. The only way to bypass the control is to find a flaw in the control's implementation.
Compensating Controls
Compensating controls are introduced when the existing capabilities of a system do not support the requirement of a policy. Compensating controls can be technical, procedural, or managerial. Although an existing system may not support the required controls, there may exist other technology or processes that can supplement the existing environment, closing the gap in controls, meeting policy requirements, and reducing overall risk. For example, the access control policy may state that the authentication process must be encrypted when performed over the Internet. Adjusting an application to natively support encryption for authentication purposes may be too costly. Secure Socket Layer (SSL), an encryption protocol, can be employed and layered on top of the authentication process to support the policy statement. Other examples include a separation of duties environment, which offers the capability to isolate certain tasks to compensate for technical limitations in the system and ensure the security of transactions.
In addition, management processes, such as authorization, supervision, and administration, can be used to compensate for gaps in the access control environment.
Detective Controls
Detective controls warn when something has happened, and are the earliest point in the post-incident timeline. Access controls are a deterrent to threats and can be aggressively utilized to prevent harmful incidents through the application of least privilege. However, the detective nature of access controls can provide significant visibility into the access environment and help organizations manage their access strategy and related security risk. As mentioned previously, strongly managed access privileges provided to an authenticated user offer the ability to reduce the risk exposure of the enterprise's assets by limiting the capabilities that authenticated user has. However, there are few options to control what a user can perform once privileges are provided. For example, if a user is provided write access to a file and that file is damaged, altered, or otherwise negatively impacted (either deliberately or unintentionally), the use of applied access controls will offer visibility into the transaction. The control environment can be established to log activity regarding the identification, authentication, authorization, and use of privileges on a system. This can be used to detect the occurrence of errors, the attempts to perform an unauthorized action, or to validate when provided credentials were exercised. The logging system as a detective device provides evidence of actions (both successful and unsuccessful) and tasks that were executed by authorized users.
Corrective Controls
When a security incident occurs, elements within the security infrastructure may require corrective actions.
Corrective controls are actions that seek to alter the security posture of an environment to correct any deficiencies and return the environment to a secure state. A security incident signals the failure of one or more directive, deterrent, preventative, or compensating controls. The detective controls may have triggered an alarm or notification, but now the corrective controls must work to stop the incident in its tracks. Corrective controls can take many forms, all depending on the particular situation at hand or the particular security failure that needs to be dealt with.
Recovery Controls
Any changes to the access control environment, whether in the face of a security incident or to offer temporary compensating controls, need to be accurately reinstated and returned to normal operations.
There are several situations that may affect access controls, their applicability, status, or management.
Events can include system outages, attacks, project changes, technical demands, administrative gaps, and full-blown disaster situations. For example, if an application is not correctly installed or deployed, it may adversely affect controls placed on system files or even have default administrative accounts unknowingly implemented upon install. Additionally, an employee may be transferred, quit, or be on temporary leave that may affect policy requirements regarding separation of duties. An attack on systems may have resulted in the implantation of a Trojan horse program, potentially exposing private user information, such as credit card information and financial data. In all of these cases, an undesirable situation must be rectified as quickly as possible and controls returned to normal operations.
For your exam you should know below information about different security controls Deterrent Controls Deterrent Controls are intended to discourage a potential attacker. Access controls act as a deterrent to threats and attacks by the simple fact that the existence of the control is enough to keep some potential attackers from attempting to circumvent the control. This is often because the effort required to circumvent the control is far greater than the potential reward if the attacker is successful, or, conversely, the negative implications of a failed attack (or getting caught) outweigh the benefits of success. For example, by forcing the identification and authentication of a user, service, or application, and all that it implies, the potential for incidents associated with the system is significantly reduced because an attacker will fear association with the incident. If there are no controls for a given access path, the number of incidents and the potential impact become infinite. Controls inherently reduce exposure to risk by applying oversight for a process.
This oversight acts as a deterrent, curbing an attacker's appetite in the face of probable repercussions.
The best example of a deterrent control is demonstrated by employees and their propensity to intentionally perform unauthorized functions, leading to unwanted events.
When users begin to understand that by authenticating into a system to perform a function, their activities are logged and monitored, and it reduces the likelihood they will attempt such an action. Many threats are based on the anonymity of the threat agent, and any potential for identification and association with their actions is avoided at all costs.
It is this fundamental reason why access controls are the key target of circumvention by attackers.
Deterrents also take the form of potential punishment if users do something unauthorized. For example, if the organization policy specifies that an employee installing an unauthorized wireless access point will be fired, that will determine most employees from installing wireless access points.
Preventative Controls
Preventive controls are intended to avoid an incident from occurring. Preventative access controls keep a user from performing some activity or function. Preventative controls differ from deterrent controls in that the control is not optional and cannot (easily) be bypassed. Deterrent controls work on the theory that it is easier to obey the control rather than to risk the consequences of bypassing the control. In other words, the power for action resides with the user (or the attacker). Preventative controls place the power of action with the system, obeying the control is not optional. The only way to bypass the control is to find a flaw in the control's implementation.
Compensating Controls
Compensating controls are introduced when the existing capabilities of a system do not support the requirement of a policy. Compensating controls can be technical, procedural, or managerial. Although an existing system may not support the required controls, there may exist other technology or processes that can supplement the existing environment, closing the gap in controls, meeting policy requirements, and reducing overall risk.
For example, the access control policy may state that the authentication process must be encrypted when performed over the Internet. Adjusting an application to natively support encryption for authentication purposes may be too costly. Secure Socket Layer (SSL), an encryption protocol, can be employed and layered on top of the authentication process to support the policy statement.
Other examples include a separation of duties environment, which offers the capability to isolate certain tasks to compensate for technical limitations in the system and ensure the security of transactions. In addition, management processes, such as authorization, supervision, and administration, can be used to compensate for gaps in the access control environment.
Detective Controls
Detective controls warn when something has happened, and are the earliest point in the post-incident timeline. Access controls are a deterrent to threats and can be aggressively utilized to prevent harmful incidents through the application of least privilege. However, the detective nature of access controls can provide significant visibility into the access environment and help organizations manage their access strategy and related security risk.
As mentioned previously, strongly managed access privileges provided to an authenticated user offer the ability to reduce the risk exposure of the enterprise's assets by limiting the capabilities that authenticated user has. However, there are few options to control what a user can perform once privileges are provided.
For example, if a user is provided write access to a file and that file is damaged, altered, or otherwise negatively impacted (either deliberately or unintentionally), the use of applied access controls will offer visibility into the transaction. The control environment can be established to log activity regarding the identification, authentication, authorization, and use of privileges on a system.
This can be used to detect the occurrence of errors, the attempts to perform an unauthorized action, or to validate when provided credentials were exercised. The logging system as a detective device provides evidence of actions (both successful and unsuccessful) and tasks that were executed by authorized users.
Corrective Controls
When a security incident occurs, elements within the security infrastructure may require corrective actions.
Corrective controls are actions that seek to alter the security posture of an environment to correct any deficiencies and return the environment to a secure state. A security incident signals the failure of one or more directive, deterrent, preventative, or compensating controls. The detective controls may have triggered an alarm or notification, but now the corrective controls must work to stop the incident in its tracks. Corrective controls can take many forms, all depending on the particular situation at hand or the particular security failure that needs to be dealt with.
Recovery Controls
Any changes to the access control environment, whether in the face of a security incident or to offer temporary compensating controls, need to be accurately reinstated and returned to normal operations.
There are several situations that may affect access controls, their applicability, status, or management.
Events can include system outages, attacks, project changes, technical demands, administrative gaps, and full-blown disaster situations. For example, if an application is not correctly installed or deployed, it may adversely affect controls placed on system files or even have default administrative accounts unknowingly implemented upon install.
Additionally, an employee may be transferred, quit, or be on temporary leave that may affect policy requirements regarding separation of duties. An attack on systems may have resulted in the implantation of a Trojan horse program, potentially exposing private user information, such as credit card information and financial data. In all of these cases, an undesirable situation must be rectified as quickly as possible and controls returned to normal operations.
The following answers are incorrect:
The other examples belong to corrective control.
Reference:
CISA Review Manual 2014 Page number 44
and
Official ISC2 CISSP guide 3rd edition Page number 50 and 51
NEW QUESTION # 831
Which of the following is penetration test where the penetration tester is provided with limited or no knowledge of the target's information systems?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Section: Protection of Information Assets
Explanation:
Blind Testing refers to the condition of testing when the penetration tester is provided with limited or no knowledge of the target. Such a testing is expensive, since the penetration tester has to research the target and profile it based on publicly available information.
For your exam you should know below mentioned penetration types
External Testing -Refers to attack and control circumvention attempts on a target's network perimeter from outside the target's system is usually the Internet Internal Testing - Refers to attack and control circumvention attempt on target from within the perimeter.
The objective is to identify what would occur if the external perimeter was successfully compromised and/or an authorized user from within the network wanted to compromise security of a specific resource on a network.
Blind Testing -Refers to the condition of testing when the penetration tester is provided with limited or no knowledge of the target's information systems. Such a testing is expensive, since penetration tester have to research the target and profile it based on publicly available information.
Double Blind Testing -It is an extension of blind testing, since the administrator and security staff at the target are also not aware of test. Such a testing can effectively evaluate the incident handling and response capability of the target.
Targeted Testing - Refers to attack and control circumvention attempts on the target, while both the target's IT team and penetration tester are aware of the testing activities. Penetration testers are provided with information related to target and network design. Additionally, they are also provided with a limited privilege user account to be used as a starting point to identify privilege escalation possibilities in the system.
The following were incorrect answers:
External Testing -Refers to attack and control circumvention attempts on a target's network perimeter from outside the target's system is usually the Internet Internal Testing - Refers to attack and control circumvention attempt on target from within the perimeter.
The objective is to identify what would occur if the external perimeter was successfully compromised and/or an authorized user from within the network wanted to compromise security of a specific resource on a network.
Targeted Testing - Refers to attack and control circumvention attempts on the target, while both the target's IT team and penetration tester are aware of the testing activities. Penetration testers are provided with information related to target and network design. Additionally, they are also provided with a limited privilege user account to be used as a starting point to identify privilege escalation possibilities in the system.
Reference:
CISA review manual 2014 Page number 369
NEW QUESTION # 832
......
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