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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Pain Management / Analgesia | 7% | - Pain assessment, pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic control - Multimodal analgesia protocols |
| Topic 2: Emergency Medicine / Critical Care | 7% | - Toxicology, trauma, first aid procedures - Triage, shock, respiratory/cardiac emergencies |
| Topic 3: Anesthesia | 13% | - Recovery and emergency management - Pre-anesthetic assessment and preparation - Anesthetic agents, equipment, monitoring |
| Topic 4: Animal Care and Nursing | 20% | - Specialized care for exotic, large or neonatal patients - Infection control, sanitation, isolation - Husbandry, nutrition, fluid therapy - Physical examination, patient assessment |
| Topic 5: Laboratory Procedures | 9% | - Parasitology, microbiology, cytology - Sample collection, handling and processing - Hematology, clinical chemistry, urinalysis |
| Topic 6: Diagnostic Imaging | 6% | - Image quality assessment and documentation - Ultrasound, other imaging modalities - Radiography: positioning, safety, technique |
| Topic 7: Dentistry | 7% | - Periodontal care and patient education - Dental cleaning, polishing, radiography - Dental anatomy, disease recognition |
| Topic 8: Surgical Nursing | 13% | - Surgical preparation, instrumentation, aseptic technique - Wound management, suture materials and techniques - Intraoperative and postoperative care |
| Topic 9: Communication and Veterinary Professional Support Services | 5% | - Client education, communication techniques - Practice management, team collaboration - Medical records, ethics, legal and regulatory compliance |
| Topic 10: Pharmacy and Pharmacology | 13% | - Controlled substance management - Drug classification, dosage calculation, administration routes - Anatomy, physiology, pathophysiology related to agents - Preparation, dispensing, storage, safety and disposal |
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NEW QUESTION # 955
A three-year-old Great Dane presented with severe abdominal distension and unproductive retching to the veterinary emergency service. Your initial triage also shows moderate tachycardia, weak pulses, and hypersalivation.
What is the most likely cause of the dog's discomfort?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Large breed, barrel-chested dogs, such as German Shepherds, Doberman Pinschers, and Great Danes, have high gastric dilatation and volvulus (GDV) incidences. GDV refers to any degree of rotation of the stomach, most commonly clockwise in direction. Some dogs with barrel chests may not display significant abdominal distension. Still, a history of distension and unproductive retching suggests an obstruction or something preventing vomiting from occurring. Given signalment and clinical signs found during triage, GDV should be the primary concern.
However, if the dog had presented recumbent, other diseases may need to be considered, including abdominal effusion/hemangiosarcoma, other GI diseases such as colonic torsion, or GI obstruction via esophageal foreign body or high pyloric outflow obstruction. Some dogs may retch with high obstructions, unable to release fluid, and thus, the history becomes critical. How long have signs been going on? If they say the retching has been on and off for 2 days, the dog would have been dead if it were a true torsion. It could be flipping back and forth, a foreign body, or another disease process. Nothing is pathognomonic for GDV, but clinical signs, triage findings, signalment, and balloting of the stomach (tapping to check for tympany or the sound of air) help suggest GDV. GDV is confirmed via a right lateral radiograph, though additional views may be necessary in some cases.
Intervertebral disc rupture causes back pain, neck pain, slow and careful gait, immobilization of back legs, or difficulty urinating. It can also cause significant abdominal pain referred from the spine. If the dog remains ambulatory, abdominal pain can be mistaken for back pain and vice versa. However, the signalment can help guide diagnostics and concerns in addition to physical exam findings.
NEW QUESTION # 956
The common dose of acepromazine for a horse is 0.03 to 0.05 mg/kg. A higher dose of acepromazine will increase which of the following?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Acepromazine is a phenothiazine tranquilizer used to calm and sedate veterinary patients. Hypotension is the main adverse effect associated with acepromazine, which can also cause hypothermia, changes in heart rate, aggression, excitement, sweating, and tachypnea.
A higher dose of acepromazine will not increase sedation, restraint, or muscle relaxation, but will worsen the severity of adverse effects.
NEW QUESTION # 957
How much periodontal attachment loss does a patient have with grade 3 periodontal disease?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Periodontal disease is a progressive inflammatory condition of the periodontal structures, including gingiva, alveolar bone, cementum, and periodontal ligament. Periodontitis is a term used to describe advanced periodontal disease. With inflammation, the gingiva recedes, the alveolar bone resorbs, and the periodontal ligament loses attachment between the tooth and sulcus. A periodontal probe (preferred technique) or radiographs (less sensitive in early disease) are used to measure the length of attachment loss.
% attachment loss = (Length of the cementoenamel junction to the depth of alveolar pocket) / (Length of the cementoenamel junction to length of the root) For example, a dog's canine tooth measures 12 mm from the tip of the root to the cementoenamel junction on radiographs or estimated from the technician's experience based on the dog's size. On probing or radiographs, there is a 6 mm depth pocket. 6 / 12 = 0.50, or 50% attachment loss. It's important to note that it is satisfactory to estimate periodontal attachment loss, and exact measurements and calculations are unnecessary.
*Grade 0: no loss
*Grade 1: no loss
*Grade 2: 0-25% loss
*Grade 3: 25-50% loss
*Grade 4: > 50% loss
NEW QUESTION # 958
Common problems of physical dysfunction may lead to a variety of pain management modalities, including the use of physical therapy. All of the following represent primary evidence of physical dysfunction except:
Answer: B
Explanation:
A variety of problems indicate physical dysfunction. These include:
*Exercise intolerance
*Weakness
*Abnormal gait - manifested by lameness or pacing or abnormal foot placement
*Neurological dysfunction (proprioceptive deficits)
*Ataxia
*Fibrosis and scarring
*Muscle tightness
*Muscle atrophy
*Muscle spasms and trigger points
*Reduced range of motion of one or more areas
*Hypermobility or laxity
*Inflammation (swelling, heat, +/- redness) and, of course, pain
Obesity, in and of itself, is an inflammatory process, and added weight predisposes animals to various ailments that could lead to the aforementioned clinical signs and issues. However, obesity alone is not sufficient evidence for physical dysfunction. Obesity (weight management) is a common condition and a reason for owners to seek rehabilitation services to assist in weight management services.
NEW QUESTION # 959
Which of the following is an opioid antagonist?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Naloxone hydrochloride is an opioid antagonist, meaning, it is administered to reverse opioid effects.
Hydromorphone, fentanyl, and morphine are opioid agonists.
NEW QUESTION # 960
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