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質問 # 70
Which of the following situations gives an example of breach of contract by inadvertence?
正解：D
解説：
A breach of contract occurs when a party fails to perform a contractual obligation. NPPE materials often distinguish types of breach by intent or cause: inadvertent breach is an unintentional failure to meet a promise (e.g., oversight, mistake in execution), as opposed to deliberate breach (sometimes called efficient breach) where a party knowingly chooses not to perform, or incapacity-related non-performance where the party cannot perform due to insufficient resources or capability. Option B directly describes inadvertence:
unintentionally failing to carry out a specified promise or obligation. Option C describes a deliberate decision not to perform (a willful breach). Option D reflects inability to perform due to lack of resources or expertise- more akin to incapacity or poor planning, not "inadvertence" in the narrow sense used in NPPE summaries.
Option A is more about contract interpretation/ambiguity and potential dispute over meaning; it may lead to an alleged breach, but it is not the clearest example of inadvertent breach. Therefore, B is the best answer.
質問 # 71
Which of the following statements about sole proprietorships istrue?
正解：C
解説：
A sole proprietorship is the simplest business structure: the owner and the business are the same legal person, the owner controls decisions, receives profits, and bears unlimited personal liability for business debts and obligations. Because it is simple to form (often minimal registration beyond business name, permits, and tax accounts where applicable), it typically has fewer formal governance and reporting requirements than corporations-making A the most accurate statement in the NPPE-style comparison. B is false because a sole proprietorship is not a separate legal entity; a corporation is the classic separate legal person. C is false because a sole proprietorship does not inherently require large working capital; it can be started on a small scale depending on the nature of the work. D is false because continuity is a weakness: if the owner is absent, incapacitated, or dies, the business may be disrupted or cease unless there are arrangements in place. Thus, A is true.
質問 # 72
A construction error occurs as a result of a software error. The possible consequences for the professional member in charge are best explained by saying that the member may be considered
正解：A
解説：
NPPE professional liability principles emphasize that software is a tool and does not transfer responsibility away from the professional. The standard of care requires due diligence: understanding the software's intended use, limitations, inputs, and assumptions, and validating outputs through checks (benchmark problems, independent calculations, reasonableness tests). If a construction error results from software error and the professional failed to verify the software's validity or failed to perform appropriate checks, they may be found negligent because they did not meet the expected standard of care. That is captured by option A.
While such a failure can also raise ethical issues, the question asks for the best explanation of possible consequences in this context, and negligence is the primary civil-liability framing. Options C and D focus on legality, vendor reputation, and insurance, none of which replaces the professional's duty to validate the tool and its results. Insurance also does not prevent fault; it only addresses financial protection. Therefore, A is correct.
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質問 # 73
Issues that allow an employer to terminate an employee without notice or severance pay include all of the following except
正解：C
解説：
The answer is B, temporary disability. According to general employment law principles and the specific guidelines provided in various legal and ethical codes of conduct for engineers, an employer can terminate an employee without notice or severance pay for reasons like serious misconduct, habitual neglect of duty, theft, fraud, or dishonesty. Temporary disability, however, is not a valid reason for such termination without notice or severance pay as it is protected under employment standards and human rights legislations which guard against discrimination based on disability.
質問 # 74
Tenders have been solicited for the design and construction of three large, urban infrastructure projects. All three projects are expected to commence simultaneously. Given the large scope and tight timeline for each Individual project, only throe consulting firms have the experience and resources required to realistically bid and execute on any one of these projects. In response, the licensed professionals in charge of the bid process for each of the three consulting firms meet privately and orally agree on a collective bid strategy whereby each firm will be the successful bidder for one of the three projects.
正解：B
解説：
The scenario described where firms collude to decide the outcome of bids for projects violates legal and ethical standards governing competitive bidding processes. Collusion and bid-rigging undermine fair competition and are illegal under most competition laws, making any agreements or bids arising from such practices invalid and subject to legal penalties. Therefore, option A is correct, emphasizing the illegality and unacceptability of such actions within professional, legal, and ethical frameworks.
質問 # 75
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