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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Services & Networking | 20% | - Use the Gateway API to manage Ingress traffic - Understand and use CoreDNS - Define and enforce Network Policies - Understand connectivity between Pods - Know how to use Ingress controllers and Ingress resources - Use ClusterIP, NodePort, LoadBalancer service types and endpoints |
| Workloads & Scheduling | 15% | - Understand how to run multiple schedulers and configure scheduler policies - Understand resource limits and requests - Understand DaemonSets - Use label selectors to schedule Pods - Understand Static Pods - Understand Deployments and rolling update/rollback - Use ConfigMaps and Secrets to configure applications - Understand how scheduler works |
| Cluster Architecture, Installation & Configuration | 25% | - Implement and configure a highly-available control plane - Manage role based access control (RBAC) - Create and manage Kubernetes clusters using kubeadm - Understand extension interfaces (CNI, CSI, CRI, etc.) - Manage the lifecycle of Kubernetes clusters - Understand CRDs, install and configure operators - Prepare underlying infrastructure for installing a Kubernetes cluster - Use Helm and Kustomize to install cluster components |
| Storage | 10% | - Understand persistent volume claims primitive - Understand volume mode, access modes and reclaim policies - Understand Storage Classes and Persistent Volumes - Understand how to configure applications with persistent storage |
| Troubleshooting | 30% | - Troubleshoot application failure - Troubleshoot networking - Evaluate cluster and node logging - Understand how to monitor applications - Troubleshoot cluster component failure - Manage container stdout & stderr logs |
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問題 #32
Create a Kubernetes secret as follows:
* Name: super-secret
* password: bob
Create a pod named pod-secrets-via-file, using the redis Image, which mounts a secret named super-secret at
/secrets.
答案：
解題說明：
Create a second pod named pod-secrets-via-env, using the redis Image, which exports password as CONFIDENTIAL See the solution below.
Explanation
solution
問題 #33
Your team has deployed a containerized application on Kubernetes. You have configured a deployment with a replica count of 3 pods. The application uses a resource-intensive process that consumes a significant amount of CPU resources. You are experiencing performance issues and suspect that the pods are competing for resources. Explain how you can use resource quotas and limits to address this problem.
答案：
解題說明：
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Define Resource Limits for Pods:
- Modify the deployment configuration to set resource limits for each pod, specifying the maximum CPU and memory resources they can consume. This prevents pods from exceeding their resource allocations, ensuring fairer resource distribution.
2. Implement Resource Quotas at the Namespace Level: - Define resource quotas for the namespace where your application is running. This limits the overall resource consumption within the namespace, preventing any single pod from monopolizing resources.
3. Monitor Resource Usage and Adjust Limits: - Continuously monitor the resource usage of your pods and the namespace. Analyze the CPU and memory utilization to identify any resource contention. - Adjust resource limits and quotas as needed to fine-tune the resource allocation and improve performance.
問題 #34
Your Kubernetes cluster has been running for some time, and it's becoming increasingly difficult to manage permissions for your applications. You are noticing a growing list of roles and role bindings, making it challenging to understand the relationships between them.
Describe a strategy to simplify and streamline your RBAC configuration by implementing best practices. Also, discuss how you can improve the manageability and auditing of your RBAC setup.
答案：
解題說明：
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Implement a Hierarchical Structure:
- Create high-level roles for common tasks such as "admin," "developer," "viewer," etc., providing broad permissions.
- Build more specific roles for specific applications or services, inheriting permissions from the higher-level roles.
- Example:
- "admin" role: grants full access to the cluster.
- "app-developer" role: inherits from "admin," but with restricted permissions only to specific namespaces and resources related to the application.
- "app-viewer" role: inherits from "app-developer" with limited permissions for monitoring and viewing resources.
2. Utilize ClusterRoles for Global Permissions:
- ClusterRoles are designed to grant permissions across the entire cluster, simplifying management for resources that need consistent access.
- This allows for centralized control of common permissions, reducing duplication of role definitions.
3. Leverage Service Accounts for Application-Level Permissions:
- Create service accounts for each application and bind them to appropriate roles.
- Use service accounts to manage access for pods, deployments, and other resources related to a specific application.
- This reduces the need for manually assigning permissions to individual resources.
4. Adopt a Role-Based Structure:
- Design RBAC policies around roles instead of individual users.
- This allows for easier management of permissions by modifying roles rather than individual user bindings.
- Ensure users are assigned to appropriate roles based on their responsibilities.
5. Implement RBAC Auditing and Monitoring:
- Use tools like 'kubectl auth can-i' to test and validate RBAC permissions.
- Monitor RBAC events and changes using audit logging features.
- Analyze audit logs to identify any suspicious activity and troubleshoot RBAC issues.
6. Consider External RBAC Solutions:
- For larger deployments, consider using external RBAC solutions like Keycloak or OpenLDAP for centralized user management and role-based access control.
- This can simplify the process of managing users, roles, and permissions across multiple clusters.
7. Documentation:
- Maintain comprehensive documentation of your RBAC setup, including roles, bindings, and any specific permissions.
- This documentation will be crucial for future maintenance, debugging, and troubleshooting. ,
問題 #35
Check the image version in pod without the describe command
答案：
解題說明：
kubectl get po nginx -o jsonpath='{.spec.containers[].image}{"\n"}'
問題 #36
Score: 4%
Task
Create a persistent volume with name app-data , of capacity 1Gi and access mode ReadOnlyMany. The type of volume is hostPath and its location is /srv/app-data .
答案：
解題說明：
Solution:
#vi pv.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolume
metadata:
name: app-config
spec:
capacity:
storage: 1Gi
accessModes:
- ReadOnlyMany
hostPath:
path: /srv/app-config
#
kubectl create -f pv.yaml
問題 #37
......
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