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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Asymmetric Cryptography | - Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) - RSA Algorithm - Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) - Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange |
| Topic 2: Cryptography Fundamentals | - History and Evolution of Cryptography - Symmetric vs Asymmetric Encryption - Cryptographic Terminology |
| Topic 3: Applied Cryptography | - VPN Security - PGP and Email Encryption - Cryptographic Best Practices - SSL/TLS Protocols |
| Topic 4: Hashing and Digital Signatures | - Message Authentication Codes (MAC) - Digital Signature Standards - Hash Functions (MD5, SHA-1, SHA-256) |
| Topic 5: Symmetric Cryptography | - Key Management - Block Ciphers (AES, DES, 3DES) - Initialization Vectors (IV) - Stream Ciphers |
| Topic 6: Cryptanalysis and Attacks | - Common Attack Vectors - Social Engineering Prevention - Brute Force and Dictionary Attacks |
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질문 # 94
(Which additional input element can be used to implement integrity in combination with symmetric ciphers?)
정답：C
설명：
Symmetric encryption alone typically provides confidentiality, but it does not automatically provide integrity.
Many encryption modes (especially older ones like CBC without authentication) are malleable, meaning an attacker may be able to modify ciphertext and cause predictable changes in plaintext after decryption. To add integrity, systems commonly combine symmetric encryption with a cryptographic hash-based integrity mechanism, such as a hash function used in an HMAC (Hash-based Message Authentication Code) or a dedicated authenticated-encryption mode like GCM that internally uses authentication tags. Among the given options, a hash function is the fundamental additional element that enables integrity checks: it allows construction of a MAC (e.g., HMAC-SHA-256) that the receiver verifies to detect any tampering. An initialization vector and a nonce value are used to ensure uniqueness and randomness properties for encryption but do not, by themselves, guarantee integrity. An encoding algorithm changes representation, not security. Therefore, the correct additional input element for implementing integrity alongside symmetric encryption is a hash function, typically as part of an HMAC or similar MAC construction.
질문 # 95
(Which attack maps hashed values to their original input data?)
정답：A
설명：
A rainbow table attack uses large, precomputed tables that link hash outputs back to likely original inputs (typically passwords). Instead of storing every password#hash pair directly (which would be huge), rainbow tables store chains created by alternating hash operations with reduction functions, allowing attackers to reconstruct candidate plaintexts that produce a given hash. This makes cracking fast,ifthe target hashes are unsalted and use a known, fast hash function. Salt defeats rainbow tables because the attacker would need separate tables for each salt value, which becomes infeasible when salts are unique and sufficiently large. A dictionary attack is related but typically computes hashes on the fly from a wordlist rather than using precomputed chain structures. A birthday attack targets collisions, not mapping to original data. Brute-force tries all candidates without precomputation.
Because the question explicitly describes mapping hashed values back to original data via a precomputed approach, the correct choice is Rainbow table.
질문 # 96
(What is a key benefit of using a cryptography framework?)
정답：B
설명：
A cryptography framework provides a consistent, repeatable way to select, deploy, and manage cryptographic controls across an organization. Its key benefit is structure: it defines approved algorithms and key sizes, acceptable modes of operation, key management rules (generation, storage, rotation, revocation, backup), certificate handling, and secure protocol configurations (e.g., TLS settings). This reduces ad hoc implementations that often lead to vulnerabilities such as weak ciphers, key reuse, improper randomness, or missing integrity protections. A framework also clarifies roles and processes-who can access keys, how secrets are audited, and how exceptions are handled-improving governance and operational reliability.
Importantly, it does not guarantee perfect security; no framework can eliminate all risk, and secure outcomes still depend on correct implementation, monitoring, and maintenance. It also does not eliminate the need for training; human error is a major source of crypto misconfiguration. While frameworks help with compliance, they are not solely about regulation; they are about sound security engineering and lifecycle management.
Therefore, the primary benefit is providing a structured approach to implementing encryption practices.
질문 # 97
(A company wants to use certificates issued by a root CA to demonstrate to customers that it is a legitimate company being hosted by a cloud provider. Who needs to trust the root CA public key?)
정답：D
설명：
In a public key infrastructure, trust in a certificate ultimately depends on the relying party's trust anchor set- typically the root CA certificates preinstalled in a customer's browser/OS trust store. For customers to accept the company's certificate as legitimate, the buyer (customer) must trust the root CA public key (or an intermediate chained to it) so they can validate the certificate chain and signatures. The seller (the company) also must trust and rely on the root CA public key to build and present a valid chain and to make operational decisions based on that CA's issuance and revocation mechanisms; practically, the seller selects a CA whose root is widely trusted by customers. The cloud provider's trust is not what makes the certificate valid to customers; the provider may terminate TLS or pass traffic through, but customer validation is based on the chain to a trusted root. Government agencies like the FTC are not part of the cryptographic trust path for TLS certificate validation. Therefore, among the given options, the correct pairing is the seller and the buyer, reflecting both the issuer selection/usage by the company and the relying-party validation by customers.
질문 # 98
(Which encryption algorithm encrypts with one key, decrypts with another key, and then encrypts with the first key?)
정답：C
설명：
3DES (Triple DES) commonly uses an Encrypt-Decrypt-Encrypt (EDE) sequence. In the two-key form, it encrypts with key K1, decrypts with key K2, then encrypts again with K1. In the three-key form, it encrypts with K1, decrypts with K2, then encrypts with K3. The EDE construction was chosen partly for backward compatibility: if K1=K2=K3, the scheme reduces to single DES, allowing older systems to interoperate in constrained ways. AES and IDEA do not use an EDE triple-stage process as their defining structure; they are single-pass block ciphers with internal rounds. DES is a single-pass algorithm (one key) rather than a triple application with multiple keys. Therefore, the algorithm described-encrypt with one key, decrypt with another, encrypt with the first-is 3DES. Although now considered legacy, it remains a classic example of increasing effective security by applying a block cipher multiple times with independent keys.
질문 # 99
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