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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: BGP and External Networking | 6% | - BGP peering and service advertisement - External gateway integration |
| Topic 2: Architecture | 20% | - CNI integration and kube-proxy replacement - Cilium core architecture and components |
| Topic 3: Cluster Mesh | 10% | - Cross-cluster load balancing and failover - Multi-cluster connectivity and service discovery |
| Topic 4: Network Observability | 10% | - Layer 7 visibility and flow monitoring - Hubble UI and troubleshooting basics - Hubble architecture and CLI usage |
| Topic 5: Network Policy | 18% | - Identity-aware and L3–L7 policy models - Cilium vs Kubernetes network policies - Policy enforcement modes |
| Topic 6: eBPF | 10% | - eBPF fundamentals and relevance to Cilium - eBPF-based networking, security, and observability |
| Topic 7: Installation and Configuration | 10% | - Post-install validation and connectivity testing - Deployment methods (Helm, cilium-cli) |
| Topic 8: Service Mesh | 16% | - Ingress and Gateway API integration - Transparent traffic encryption - Sidecar vs sidecarless architecture |
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NEW QUESTION # 41
You are tasked to install Cilium and enable transparent encryption in a cluster in which the following conditions applies:
# Internal cluster traffic is IPv6-only
# The current cluster is running on 5001 nodes
# The cluster is planned to connect to another cluster which has 5001 nodes through Cluster Mesh What are your recommendations regarding transparent encryption?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Technical explanation
A is a supported recommendation: Cilium's WireGuard implementation provides transparent encryption between Cilium-managed endpoints, works with Cluster Mesh, and distributes node public keys to remote clusters through clustermesh-apiserver . All participating clusters must enable WireGuard, and inter-cluster firewalls must permit UDP port 51871. IPv6-only pod traffic does not inherently disqualify WireGuard.
However, this question is no longer uniquely answerable from current Cilium documentation. Current IPsec documentation supports IPv6 pod-to-pod connectivity and sets its cluster or Cluster Mesh limit at more than
65,535 nodes. The described mesh contains 10,002 nodes, so option B is also technically supportable under the stated facts. The older distinction apparently assumed by the supplied key is no longer sufficient to exclude IPsec.
Options C and D are definitively false. Ten thousand and two nodes remain below the documented IPsec ceiling, and transparent encryption is not restricted to IPv4. WireGuard may still be selected for its automatic per-node key-pair distribution and simpler Cluster Mesh integration, but workload performance, kernel support, firewall rules, key-management requirements, and operational testing should inform a production recommendation.
Official references
WireGuard Transparent Encryption , IPsec Transparent Encryption
Study Guide topic: Transparent-encryption selection, IPv6, Cluster Mesh, and scaling limits.
NEW QUESTION # 42
A Kubernetes cluster is not currently running Cilium as a CNI, but the user would like to benefit from Hubbies observability capabilities on your cluster. Which one of the following options is NOT possible?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Hubble is Cilium's integrated observability layer and consumes flow events produced by Cilium's eBPF datapath and embedded Hubble servers. The Hubble CLI is only a client; downloading its binary does not install a standalone datapath or create flow data on a cluster that lacks Cilium. Option B is therefore the operation that is not possible.
The other approaches represent recognized Cilium deployment or migration models. A direct migration can replace the CNI configuration and recycle workloads or nodes, although a naive cluster-wide transition can disrupt connectivity. CNI chaining allows Cilium to operate with another CNI: the existing plugin continues to provide basic connectivity and IP address management, while Cilium attaches eBPF programs to the created interfaces to provide visibility, policy, and other functions. Cilium also documents migration through dual overlays. In that model, the old and new networks coexist temporarily, nodes are moved in a controlled sequence, and workloads attached to either overlay retain connectivity when the documented addressing and routing requirements are met.
The supplied bank incorrectly marks A. The verified answer is B because Hubble requires Cilium-managed observability data.
Official references
Setting up Hubble Observability ; CNI Chaining ; Migrating a cluster to Cilium .
Study Guide topic: Installation and Configuration.
NEW QUESTION # 43
Which statement is true about Mutual Authentication with Cilium?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Technical explanation
SPIRE supplies workload identities as SPIFFE Verifiable Identity Documents, including X.509 key material used for mutual authentication. SPIFFE's identity model supports automatic issuance, rotation, and revocation, allowing short-lived certificates to be renewed without manually distributing static credentials.
This makes D the correct statement.
Option A reverses the documented default. Cilium's default SPIRE installation requires persistent-volume support. In-memory storage can be selected for laboratory environments by disabling server data storage, but that setting causes SPIRE data to be recreated if the server pod restarts. Option B also reverses the relationship between the projects: SPIFFE defines the identity standards and APIs, while SPIRE is a production-ready implementation of SPIFFE. Cilium's mutual-authentication integration has been validated with SPIRE.
Option C overstates the operational requirement. A SPIRE server is involved, but Cilium's Helm chart can deploy and configure the supported SPIRE server and per-node agents. Administrators may provide their own deployment, yet a completely manual installation is not mandatory.
Current documentation classifies this mutual-authentication implementation as beta and notes limitations, including incompatibility with Cluster Mesh trust domains. Those maturity constraints do not change the certificate-management behavior described in D.
Official references
Cilium Mutual Authentication .
Study Guide topic: Service Mesh.
NEW QUESTION # 44
Why is the iptables implementation of kube-proxy less scalable than eBPF?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Technical explanation
B expresses the principal scalability distinction intended by the question. In kube-proxy's iptables mode, Kubernetes Services and endpoints are represented by chains of netfilter rules. As the number of Services and backends grows, rule creation, synchronization, and packet traversal can involve increasingly large rule sets.
Matching through those chains is generally described as having linear scaling characteristics.
Cilium's kube-proxy replacement stores service and backend state in eBPF maps. Hash-map lookups allow the datapath to locate service entries without sequentially scanning a rule for every Service, providing effectively constant-time lookup behavior for the relevant map operations. This makes the approach better suited to large and frequently changing Kubernetes environments.
Option A is false because iptables and netfilter also operate within the Linux kernel. Option C is false because kube-proxy's iptables implementation supports IPv6 when the surrounding Kubernetes and host configuration supports it. Option D does not explain kube-proxy's primary scaling limitation and introduces an unrelated SmartNIC/XDP claim.
The constant-time description is a useful architectural simplification; total performance still depends on map sizing, backend selection, connection tracking, and kernel behavior.
Official references
Cilium eBPF Datapath , Cilium Tuning Guide
Study Guide topic: kube-proxy replacement, eBPF maps, and datapath scalability.
NEW QUESTION # 45
Which proxy does Cilium use to enforce HTTP and other Layer 7 (L7) policies specified in network policies for the cluster?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Cilium uses Envoy as its userspace Layer 7 proxy. When a Cilium policy contains HTTP or another supported application-layer rule, Cilium's eBPF datapath identifies matching traffic and redirects it to a node-local Envoy instance. Envoy evaluates the application-layer attributes-such as HTTP method, path, or headers- against the generated policy configuration and then forwards or rejects the request.
The proxy can operate in embedded mode as a separate process inside the Cilium agent pod or as the independently life-cycled cilium-envoy DaemonSet. Both deployment forms use Cilium's optimized Envoy distribution and custom policy-enforcement filters. Communication between the agent and Envoy uses local UNIX-domain sockets for configuration, access logs, and administrative operations.
HAProxy is a capable general-purpose load balancer, but it is not Cilium's L7 policy proxy. Squid primarily serves forward and caching proxy use cases. linkerd2-proxy belongs to the Linkerd service mesh and is not used by Cilium for network-policy enforcement. Consequently, only D identifies the proxy integrated into Cilium's L7 datapath.
Official references
Cilium Envoy , Cilium eBPF Datapath Introduction
Study Guide topic: Envoy proxy integration and Layer 7 policy enforcement.
NEW QUESTION # 46
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