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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Cardiology and Resuscitation | - Cardiac Emergencies
|
| Trauma | - Trauma Assessment and Care
|
| Airway, Respiration and Ventilation | - Airway Management
|
| EMS Operations | - Operational Procedures
|
| Medical, Obstetrics and Gynecology | - Medical Emergencies
|
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NEW QUESTION # 68
A patient has heart failure with pulmonary edema. They have shortness of breath, and crackles are present in both lungs. The patient is nauseated and has vomited once. The vital signs are BP 90/40, P 110, R 10, and SpO# 89% on room air. Which of the following signs or symptoms prevent the EMT from using CPAP?
Select the three correct options.
Answer: B,C,D
Explanation:
Contraindications to CPAP (Continuous Positive Airway Pressure) include:
* Hypotension: CPAP can reduce preload and worsen shock (BP < 90 systolic is a contraindication)
* Respiratory rate too low: A rate of 10 is at the low threshold; CPAP requires spontaneous adequate effort
* Active vomiting or nausea: CPAP increases aspiration risk
Crackles and hypoxia are indications, not contraindications, for CPAP. Pulse rate does not influence CPAP use directly.
References:
NREMT Airway Management and Cardiovascular Guidelines
National EMS Education Standards - Respiratory Failure and CPAP
AHA ACLS Provider Manual - Heart Failure and Pulmonary Edema Management
NEW QUESTION # 69
A patient is having an asthmatic attack. The EMT receives orders from medical control to assist with the patient's inhaler. What are the expected side effects of this medication? Select the three correct options.
Answer: B,E,F
Explanation:
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:
Albuterol, a commonbeta-2 adrenergic agonistused in inhalers, stimulates bronchial smooth muscle relaxation. However, stimulation of beta receptors can also produce systemic effects such as:
* Tachycardia(due to beta-1 cross-reactivity)
* Nervousness(from central stimulation)
* Coughing(a local airway response)
Confusion and drowsiness are not typical side effects of beta-agonists. Hypotension is rare unless severe overdose occurs.
References:
NREMT Scope of Practice Model - Medication Administration
American Heart Association BLS and ACLS Drug List
"Emergency Care and Transportation of the Sick and Injured" (AAOS, 11th ed.), Chapter on Respiratory Emergencies
NEW QUESTION # 70
A 44-year-old patient with diabetes feels weak and dizzy. The EMT provides oral glucose and transports the patient to the hospital, where the patient recovers. The EMT tells their partner they did not provide the patient with a blanket because they felt the patient was wasting their time. What best describes the action the EMT took?
Answer: C
Explanation:
The correct answer is B. Breach of ethics.
This scenario describes inappropriate attitude and professional behavior by the EMT, not a failure that caused patient harm.
The EMT:
Provided appropriate medical care (oral glucose and transport)
The patient recovered
No harm resulted from not providing a blanket
However, the EMT's statement reflects:
Disrespect toward the patient
Lack of compassion
Unprofessional conduct
Why B is correct (Breach of ethics):
NREMT standards emphasize professionalism and patient respect:
EMTs are expected to treat all patients with dignity, empathy, and respect Ethical violations occur when providers demonstrate unprofessional attitudes or disregard for patient well- being This situation reflects a violation of ethical standards, not legal negligence.
Why the other options are incorrect:
A). Breach of duty: Requires failure to provide care that leads to harm; care was appropriately provided.
C). Negligence: Requires duty, breach, causation, and damages; no patient harm occurred.
D). Battery: Involves unauthorized physical contact; not applicable here.
Exact Extracts:
"EMS providers must demonstrate professionalism and respect toward all patients."
"Ethical conduct includes compassion and appropriate attitude."
"Negligence requires proof of harm resulting from a breach of duty."
References:
NREMT EMT Education Standards - EMS Operations (Ethics and Professionalism) NREMT National Continued Competency Program (NCCP) - Legal and Ethical Responsibilities Prehospital Emergency Care (EMT) - Medical, Legal, and Ethical Issues
NEW QUESTION # 71
A 3-year-old patient has drooling and stridor. The vital signs are BP 82/40, P 132, R 34, SpO# 94%, and T
102.4°F (39.1°C). Which of the following interventions should the EMT perform?
Answer: D
Explanation:
The correct answer is D. Apply humidified oxygen.
This pediatric patient presents with:
* Drooling
* Stridor
* Fever (102.4°F)
These are classic signs of epiglottitis, a life-threatening upper airway infection.
Critical Concept: DO NOT agitate or manipulate the airway
In suspected epiglottitis:
* The airway is severely inflamed and unstable
* Any attempt to visualize, suction, or insert an airway adjunct can cause:
* Sudden airway closure
* Complete obstruction
NREMT-aligned guidance states:
* "Avoid examining the airway in patients with suspected epiglottitis."
* "Do not insert airway adjuncts or suction unless absolutely necessary." Why D is correct:
* Humidified oxygen helps improve oxygenation without irritating the airway
* It is the safest and most appropriate intervention
* Keep the child calm and in a position of comfort
Why the other options are incorrect:
* A. Visualize the airway # Dangerous; may cause airway collapse
* B. Suction posterior pharynx # Can trigger complete obstruction
* C. Insert an oropharyngeal airway # Contraindicated in this condition Exact Extracts (NREMT-aligned EMT educational references):
* "Drooling, stridor, and fever suggest epiglottitis."
* "Do not place anything in the mouth."
* "Provide oxygen and avoid agitating the child."
Clinical Priority Summary:
In suspected epiglottitis, the priority is to maintain a calm environment and provide oxygen without airway manipulation, making D the correct answer.
References:
NREMT EMT Education Standards - Airway, Respiration & Ventilation (Pediatrics) NREMT National Continued Competency Program (NCCP) AAOS Emergency Care and Transportation of the Sick and Injured (NREMT-aligned)
NEW QUESTION # 72
Which of the following is associated with neurogenic shock?
Answer: C
Explanation:
The correct answer is D. Peripheral vasodilation.
Why D is correct (Peripheral vasodilation):
Neurogenic shock occurs due to loss of sympathetic nervous system tone, usually from a spinal cord injury.
This leads to:
* Widespread peripheral vasodilation
* Pooling of blood in the extremities
* Decreased venous return
* Hypotension
Additionally, patients often present with:
* Warm, dry skin (unlike other shock types)
* Bradycardia (due to unopposed parasympathetic tone)
NREMT-aligned guidance states:
* "Neurogenic shock results from loss of sympathetic tone leading to vasodilation."
* "Peripheral vasodilation causes hypotension and inadequate perfusion." Why the other options are incorrect:
* A. Central vasodilation: Not a recognized defining feature; neurogenic shock primarily affects peripheral vessels.
* B. Peripheral vasoconstriction: Seen in hypovolemic shock, not neurogenic shock.
* C. Central vasoconstriction: Not associated with neurogenic shock.
Exact Extracts:
* "Neurogenic shock is caused by loss of sympathetic tone."
* "This results in widespread peripheral vasodilation."
* "Patients may present with hypotension and bradycardia."
References:
NREMT EMT Education Standards - Medical Emergencies (Shock)
NREMT National Continued Competency Program (NCCP) - Shock and Resuscitation Prehospital Emergency Care (EMT) - Shock Management
NEW QUESTION # 73
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