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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Cluster Mesh | 10% | - Multi-cluster connectivity and service discovery - Cross-cluster load balancing and failover |
| Topic 2: eBPF | 10% | - eBPF fundamentals and relevance to Cilium - eBPF-based networking, security, and observability |
| Topic 3: Installation and Configuration | 10% | - Post-install validation and connectivity testing - Deployment methods (Helm, cilium-cli) |
| Topic 4: BGP and External Networking | 6% | - BGP peering and service advertisement - External gateway integration |
| Topic 5: Service Mesh | 16% | - Sidecar vs sidecarless architecture - Ingress and Gateway API integration - Transparent traffic encryption |
| Topic 6: Network Policy | 18% | - Identity-aware and L3–L7 policy models - Cilium vs Kubernetes network policies - Policy enforcement modes |
| Topic 7: Architecture | 20% | - Cilium core architecture and components - CNI integration and kube-proxy replacement |
| Topic 8: Network Observability | 10% | - Layer 7 visibility and flow monitoring - Hubble UI and troubleshooting basics - Hubble architecture and CLI usage |
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질문 # 34
What is true about WireGuard encryption on Cilium?
정답：A
설명：
Technical explanation
B is the best answer, with two qualifications. First, "pop-to-pod" is evidently a source typo for "pod-to-pod." Second, default WireGuard mode encrypts traffic between Cilium-managed pods on different nodes; node-to- node, pod-to-node, and node-to-pod coverage requires enabling the additional encryption.
nodeEncryption=true mode.
Cilium creates WireGuard peers per node, not per pod. Each Cilium agent generates a node key pair, advertises the public key through its CiliumNode resource, and forms secure tunnels with other known nodes.
This makes D incorrect. Same-node packets do not traverse a WireGuard tunnel because encryption cannot protect them from an observer already able to inspect raw traffic on that host, so A reverses the documented behavior.
C also reverses the encapsulation sequence. In tunnel-routing mode, pod traffic is first encapsulated for the VXLAN or Geneve overlay and is then encapsulated by WireGuard. The result is double encapsulation, with WireGuard protecting the overlay packet while it crosses the network between nodes.
Thus, B describes WireGuard's supported traffic coverage most closely, but exam candidates should remember the separate node-encryption configuration requirement.
Official references
WireGuard Transparent Encryption
Study Guide topic: WireGuard peer architecture, encrypted traffic matrix, same-node behavior, and encapsulation order.
질문 # 35
Which component manages the allocation of per-node PodCIDRs in the cluster-scope IPAM (IP address management) mode?
정답：A
설명：
Technical explanation
In cluster-scope IPAM, the Cilium Operator allocates a PodCIDR to each node from the configured cluster- wide address pool. It records those allocations in each node's CiliumNode custom resource, specifically under spec.ipam.podCIDRs . The Cilium agent waits for this allocation during startup and then performs host-local allocation of individual pod addresses from the CIDR assigned to its node.
This division of responsibility explains why C is correct. The agent consumes its assigned range and allocates endpoint addresses locally, but it does not independently choose the cluster-wide per-node PodCIDR. The Operator coordinates those ranges to prevent nodes from receiving overlapping allocations.
Options A and D describe Kubernetes host-scope IPAM rather than Cilium cluster-scope IPAM. In Kubernetes host-scope mode, the Kubernetes controller manager assigns PodCIDRs and exposes them through spec.podCIDR or spec.podCIDRs in the standard Kubernetes Node resource. Cluster-scope mode is specifically useful when Kubernetes is not configured to perform that allocation or when Cilium should control the cluster address pool.
Therefore, the managing component and resource are the Cilium Operator and CiliumNode , respectively.
Official references
Cluster-Pool IPAM ; Cluster Scope IPAM .
Study Guide topic: Installation and Configuration.
질문 # 36
Why is the iptables implementation of kube-proxy less scalable than eBPF?
정답：D
설명：
Technical explanation
B expresses the principal scalability distinction intended by the question. In kube-proxy's iptables mode, Kubernetes Services and endpoints are represented by chains of netfilter rules. As the number of Services and backends grows, rule creation, synchronization, and packet traversal can involve increasingly large rule sets.
Matching through those chains is generally described as having linear scaling characteristics.
Cilium's kube-proxy replacement stores service and backend state in eBPF maps. Hash-map lookups allow the datapath to locate service entries without sequentially scanning a rule for every Service, providing effectively constant-time lookup behavior for the relevant map operations. This makes the approach better suited to large and frequently changing Kubernetes environments.
Option A is false because iptables and netfilter also operate within the Linux kernel. Option C is false because kube-proxy's iptables implementation supports IPv6 when the surrounding Kubernetes and host configuration supports it. Option D does not explain kube-proxy's primary scaling limitation and introduces an unrelated SmartNIC/XDP claim.
The constant-time description is a useful architectural simplification; total performance still depends on map sizing, backend selection, connection tracking, and kernel behavior.
Official references
Cilium eBPF Datapath , Cilium Tuning Guide
Study Guide topic: kube-proxy replacement, eBPF maps, and datapath scalability.
질문 # 37
What does this Egress Gateway policy achieve?
Cilium Egress Gateway policy exhibit
정답：C
설명：
Cilium's official documentation confirms that a CiliumEgressGatewayPolicy selects traffic originating from matching pods , routes traffic destined for the configured destinationCIDRs through the selected egress gateway node, and SNATs that traffic using the configured egressIP.
질문 # 38
A Kubernetes cluster is not currently running Cilium as a CNI, but the user would like to benefit from Hubbies observability capabilities on your cluster. Which one of the following options is NOT possible?
정답：B
설명：
Technical explanation
Hubble is Cilium's integrated observability layer and consumes flow events produced by Cilium's eBPF datapath and embedded Hubble servers. The Hubble CLI is only a client; downloading its binary does not install a standalone datapath or create flow data on a cluster that lacks Cilium. Option B is therefore the operation that is not possible.
The other approaches represent recognized Cilium deployment or migration models. A direct migration can replace the CNI configuration and recycle workloads or nodes, although a naive cluster-wide transition can disrupt connectivity. CNI chaining allows Cilium to operate with another CNI: the existing plugin continues to provide basic connectivity and IP address management, while Cilium attaches eBPF programs to the created interfaces to provide visibility, policy, and other functions. Cilium also documents migration through dual overlays. In that model, the old and new networks coexist temporarily, nodes are moved in a controlled sequence, and workloads attached to either overlay retain connectivity when the documented addressing and routing requirements are met.
The supplied bank incorrectly marks A. The verified answer is B because Hubble requires Cilium-managed observability data.
Official references
Setting up Hubble Observability ; CNI Chaining ; Migrating a cluster to Cilium .
Study Guide topic: Installation and Configuration.
질문 # 39
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