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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Pharmacy and Pharmacology | 13% | - Drug classification, dosage calculation, administration routes - Preparation, dispensing, storage, safety and disposal - Anatomy, physiology, pathophysiology related to agents - Controlled substance management |
| Emergency Medicine / Critical Care | 7% | - Triage, shock, respiratory/cardiac emergencies - Toxicology, trauma, first aid procedures |
| Communication and Veterinary Professional Support Services | 5% | - Practice management, team collaboration - Medical records, ethics, legal and regulatory compliance - Client education, communication techniques |
| Diagnostic Imaging | 6% | - Ultrasound, other imaging modalities - Radiography: positioning, safety, technique - Image quality assessment and documentation |
| Animal Care and Nursing | 20% | - Infection control, sanitation, isolation - Husbandry, nutrition, fluid therapy - Physical examination, patient assessment - Specialized care for exotic, large or neonatal patients |
| Dentistry | 7% | - Dental anatomy, disease recognition - Periodontal care and patient education - Dental cleaning, polishing, radiography |
| Surgical Nursing | 13% | - Intraoperative and postoperative care - Surgical preparation, instrumentation, aseptic technique - Wound management, suture materials and techniques |
| Laboratory Procedures | 9% | - Parasitology, microbiology, cytology - Hematology, clinical chemistry, urinalysis - Sample collection, handling and processing |
| Pain Management / Analgesia | 7% | - Multimodal analgesia protocols - Pain assessment, pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic control |
| Anesthesia | 13% | - Anesthetic agents, equipment, monitoring - Recovery and emergency management - Pre-anesthetic assessment and preparation |
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NEW QUESTION # 1083
Which medical term corresponds to the lay terms "baby teeth" or "milk teeth"?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Deciduous is the term used for "baby teeth" or "milk teeth". It is a term used in the biology of both plants and animals to describe a regularly shed structure. Deciduous teeth are normally shed during the early stages of life during the eruption of permanent teeth. Problems may arise when deciduous teeth are persistently retained.
Juvenile is not a recognized veterinary medical term. Supernumerary teeth are extra teeth, beyond what is considered normal dental formula. Unerupted teeth are those that have not penetrated the oral mucosa.
NEW QUESTION # 1084
What is a Mayo-Hegar?
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION # 1085
Which of the following pieces of stapling equipment may your surgeon request when performing a splenectomy on a dog with a hemoabdomen?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Obviously, this answer depends on what types of staplers you have in your practice. But, if all types were available to you, the LAD, or ligate-and-divide stapler, would possibly be the surgeon's first choice. The stapler is used to ligate blood vessels, for which there are several key, large vessels associated with the spleen. To ligate splenic vessels individually with the suture is possible, but tedious and time-consuming. The LAD stapler places two staples on a vessel and then ligates the vessel between the two staples.
A TA, or thoracoabdominal stapler, is most commonly used to resect lung or liver lobes. It will place a double or triple row of staples but does not ligate.
A GIA, or gastrointestinal anastomosis stapler, says what it is used for in the name, resections, and anastomoses. This places four staple rows, cutting between the middle two.
Finally, an EEA, or end-to-end anastomosis stapler, is used for anastomoses only. It allows two intestinal segments to be stapled together in a circular fashion while retaining a functional lumen.
Another option for splenectomies that may be commonly used would be a ligaclip stapler. These are used for vessel ligations and place a single staple, and they do not ligate.
Finally, we have a skin stapler that can close skin and fascia. These also only place a single staple.
NEW QUESTION # 1086
A 12-year-old MN Bichon presents to your emergency hospital with tachypnea, weakness, progressive exercise intolerance, a CRT of 2.5 seconds, and pallor. He has a history of a progressively worsening cough. He has a recently identified new cardiac murmur that his primary care veterinarian diagnosed as grade III/VI three months ago. He had no clinical signs of disease at that time. You auscult the patient on triage and hear crackles and wheezes in some fields but decreased overall lung sounds in others. He is dyspneic, and you administer oxygen therapy.
The ausculted lung sounds are likely consistent with what disease state?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Based on your auscultation and history, you are concerned the patient is in heart failure. And you would likely be correct, though confirmation would be needed via chest radiographs.
Pulmonary edema or fluid within the lung tissue arises in cases of left-sided congestive heart failure (cardiogenic), electrical shock (burns will be present in the mouth, non-cardiogenic), smoke inhalation (non-cardiogenic), strangulation (non-cardiogenic), airway obstruction (non-cardiogenic), fluid overload (excess IV fluids, cardiogenic), and possibly with some neoplasias.
The heart's pumping ability decreases in heart failure, and either backward or restricted flow occurs. This creates increased pressure resulting in fluid translocation from the interstitial spaces into the alveoli. Clinical signs include wheezing and crackles, and patients can be pale, even cyanotic. Coughing can also occur, though animals in failure can also cough with enlargement of the heart chambers, putting pressure on the carina.
Pleural effusion refers to fluid outside the lung tissue between the lungs and the body wall. Cats in congestive heart failure may have either edema or effusion. Neoplasias, trauma, anticoagulant rodenticides, and infection may also trigger effusions.
Patients with pulmonary contusions, or bruising in the lungs, often auscult normal to dull, and may or may not have crackles. Most commonly, this occurs with trauma such as a hit-by-car. Note that pulmonary contusions represent actual micro-hemorrhages to the alveoli due to trauma. Basically, the lung gets bruised just like any other body part but the blood ends up in the lung tissue interfering with gas exchange and causing hypoxia.
Blood can accumulate within the alveoli from causes other than contusions, such as secondary to bacterial pneumonia, anticoagulant rodenticide toxicosis, and coagulopathic disorders.
Finally, a pneumothorax is when air is trapped between the lung and the body wall. No crackles or wheezes would be ausculted, and lung sounds are often diminished or muffled dorsally. The patient will usually have short rapid inspirations and demonstrate dyspnea and tachypnea. This can occur spontaneously but is most commonly associated with trauma.
NEW QUESTION # 1087
Dohle bodies seen in large numbers on a blood smear are a sign of:
Answer: C
Explanation:
Large numbers of Dohle bodies on a blood smear are suggestive of toxic change associated with neutrophils and, when present in large numbers, may suggest a robust stimulation of production with a shortened maturation time. Excess Dohle bodies can be associated with toxins or may also be due to certain inherited conditions.
Large numbers of Dohle bodies are not a sign of hypersegmented neutrophil nuclei, autoagglutination, or hemolysis.
Small Dohle bodies may normally be seen in some species but are more commonly seen in horses and cats vs. other species.
NEW QUESTION # 1088
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