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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Cluster Hardening | 15% | - API access restriction - Component updates & vulnerability mitigation - RBAC configuration - Service account security |
| Minimize Microservice Vulnerabilities | 20% | - Pod Security Standards - Isolation & multi-tenancy - Secret management - Security contexts - OPA/Gatekeeper implementation |
| Supply Chain Security | 20% | - SBOM & CI/CD security - Permitted registries - Static analysis tools - Image security & scanning - Signed artifacts & verification |
| System Hardening | 10% | - Minimize OS attack surface - Kernel hardening (AppArmor, seccomp) - Network access control - Least privilege IAM |
| Monitoring, Logging and Runtime Security | 20% | - Container immutability - Incident investigation - Audit log configuration - Threat detection (Falco) - Behavioral analytics |
| Cluster Setup | 15% | - Secure Ingress configuration - CIS benchmark compliance - Network security policies - Binary verification - Node metadata protection |
>> Linux Foundation CKS Customized Lab Simulation <<
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NEW QUESTION # 61
You are managing a Kubernetes cluster with multiple namespaces and applications. You have a sensitive application deployed in a namespace called 'sensitive-app' . This application has a service account called 'sensitive-app-sa' that requires access to a snared secret named 'shared-secret in a different namespace called 'shared-resources'. Explain how you would securely grant access to this secret without allowing 'sensitive-app-sa' to access other resources in the 'shared-resources' namespace.
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Create a Service Account in the 'sensitive-app' namespace:
- Ensure a service account named 'sensitive-app-sa' exists in the 'sensitive-app' namespace.
2. Create a Role in the 'shared-resources' namespace:
- In the 'shared-resources' namespace, create a custom role named 'shared-secret-reader.
- This role will only grant read access to the 'shared-secret' secret.
3. Create a ROIeBinding in the 'snared-resources' namespace: - In the 'shared-resources' namespace, create a role binding named 'sensitive-app-sa-binding' - This role binding associates the 'sensitive-app-sa' service account from the 'sensitive-app' namespace with the 'shared-secret-reader' role.
4. Update your Application Deployment. - Ensure that your application deployment in the 'sensitive-app' namespace is configured to use the 'sensitive-app-sa' service account.
NEW QUESTION # 62
You can switch the cluster/configuration context using the following command: [desk@cli] $ kubectl config use-context test-account Task: Enable audit logs in the cluster.
To do so, enable the log backend, and ensure that:
1. logs are stored at /var/log/Kubernetes/logs.txt
2. log files are retained for 5 days
3. at maximum, a number of 10 old audit log files are retained
A basic policy is provided at /etc/Kubernetes/logpolicy/audit-policy.yaml. It only specifies what not to log. Note: The base policy is located on the cluster's master node.
Edit and extend the basic policy to log: 1. Nodes changes at RequestResponse level 2. The request body of persistentvolumes changes in the namespace frontend 3. ConfigMap and Secret changes in all namespaces at the Metadata level Also, add a catch-all rule to log all other requests at the Metadata level Note: Don't forget to apply the modified policy.
Answer:
Explanation:
$ vim /etc/kubernetes/log-policy/audit-policy.yaml
- level: RequestResponse
userGroups: ["system:nodes"]
- level: Request
resources:
- group: "" # core API group
resources: ["persistentvolumes"]
namespaces: ["frontend"]
- level: Metadata
resources:
- group: ""
resources: ["configmaps", "secrets"]
- level: Metadata
$ vim /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-apiserver.yaml Add these
- --audit-policy-file=/etc/kubernetes/log-policy/audit-policy.yaml
- --audit-log-path=/var/log/kubernetes/logs.txt
- --audit-log-maxage=5
- --audit-log-maxbackup=10
Explanation
[desk@cli] $ ssh master1 [master1@cli] $ vim /etc/kubernetes/log-policy/audit-policy.yaml apiVersion: audit.k8s.io/v1 # This is required.
kind: Policy
# Don't generate audit events for all requests in RequestReceived stage.
omitStages:
- "RequestReceived"
rules:
# Don't log watch requests by the "system:kube-proxy" on endpoints or services
- level: None
users: ["system:kube-proxy"]
verbs: ["watch"]
resources:
- group: "" # core API group
resources: ["endpoints", "services"]
# Don't log authenticated requests to certain non-resource URL paths.
- level: None
userGroups: ["system:authenticated"]
nonResourceURLs:
- "/api*" # Wildcard matching.
- "/version"
# Add your changes below
- level: RequestResponse
userGroups: ["system:nodes"] # Block for nodes
- level: Request
resources:
- group: "" # core API group
resources: ["persistentvolumes"] # Block for persistentvolumes
namespaces: ["frontend"] # Block for persistentvolumes of frontend ns
- level: Metadata
resources:
- group: "" # core API group
resources: ["configmaps", "secrets"] # Block for configmaps & secrets
- level: Metadata # Block for everything else
[master1@cli] $ vim /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-apiserver.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
annotations:
kubeadm.kubernetes.io/kube-apiserver.advertise-address.endpoint: 10.0.0.5:6443 labels:
component: kube-apiserver
tier: control-plane
name: kube-apiserver
namespace: kube-system
spec:
containers:
- command:
- kube-apiserver
- --advertise-address=10.0.0.5
- --allow-privileged=true
- --authorization-mode=Node,RBAC
- --audit-policy-file=/etc/kubernetes/log-policy/audit-policy.yaml #Add this
- --audit-log-path=/var/log/kubernetes/logs.txt #Add this
- --audit-log-maxage=5 #Add this
- --audit-log-maxbackup=10 #Add this
...
output truncated
Note: log volume & policy volume is already mounted in vim /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-apiserver.yaml so no need to mount it. Reference: https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/debug-application-cluster/audit/
NEW QUESTION # 63
Your Kubernetes cluster has several applications running in different namespaces. You want to enforce a policy where only pods within the 'monitoring' namespace can communicate witn pods in the sapi-server' namespace. How can you achieve this using NetworkPolicies?
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Create Network Policy: Create a NetworkPolicy YAML file named 'monitoring-access.yaml' to define the allowed communication:
- This policy allows ingress traffic to the 'api-server' namespace only from pods Within the 'monitoring' namespace. 2. Apply Network Policy: use 'kubectr to apply the NetworkPolicy: bash kubectl apply -f monitoring-access-yaml 3. Verify Network Policy: Check that the NetworkPolicy is applied: bash kubectl get networkpolicies -n api-server 4. Test Access: Try communicating from a pod in the 'monitoring' namespace to a pod in the 'api-server' namespace. This communication should be allowed. Try communicating from a pod in a different namespace to a pod in the 'api-server' namespace. This communication should be blocked. This NetworkPolicy restricts ingress traffic to the 'api-server' namespace. It only permits connections from pods within the 'monitoring' namespace, effectively enforcing a controlled access policy between these namespaces.
NEW QUESTION # 64
Create a new ServiceAccount named backend-sa in the existing namespace default, which has the capability to list the pods inside the namespace default.
Create a new Pod named backend-pod in the namespace default, mount the newly created sa backend-sa to the pod, and Verify that the pod is able to list pods.
Ensure that the Pod is running.
Answer:
Explanation:
A service account provides an identity for processes that run in a Pod.
When you (a human) access the cluster (for example, using kubectl), you are authenticated by the apiserver as a particular User Account (currently this is usually admin, unless your cluster administrator has customized your cluster). Processes in containers inside pods can also contact the apiserver. When they do, they are authenticated as a particular Service Account (for example, default).
When you create a pod, if you do not specify a service account, it is automatically assigned the default service account in the same namespace. If you get the raw json or yaml for a pod you have created (for example, kubectl get pods/<podname> -o yaml), you can see the spec.serviceAccountName field has been automatically set.
You can access the API from inside a pod using automatically mounted service account credentials, as described in Accessing the Cluster. The API permissions of the service account depend on the authorization plugin and policy in use.
In version 1.6+, you can opt out of automounting API credentials for a service account by setting automountServiceAccountToken: false on the service account:
apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
name: build-robot
automountServiceAccountToken: false
...
In version 1.6+, you can also opt out of automounting API credentials for a particular pod:
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: my-pod
spec:
serviceAccountName: build-robot
automountServiceAccountToken: false
...
The pod spec takes precedence over the service account if both specify a automountServiceAccountToken value.
NEW QUESTION # 65
A container image scanner is set up on the cluster.
Given an incomplete configuration in the directory
/etc/kubernetes/confcontrol and a functional container image scanner with HTTPS endpoint https://test-server.local.8081/image_policy
1. Enable the admission plugin.
2. Validate the control configuration and change it to implicit deny.
Finally, test the configuration by deploying the pod having the image tag as latest.
Answer:
Explanation:
ssh-add ~/.ssh/tempprivate
eval "$(ssh-agent -s)"
cd contrib/terraform/aws
vi terraform.tfvars
terraform init
terraform apply -var-file=credentials.tfvars
ansible-playbook -i ./inventory/hosts ./cluster.yml -e ansible_ssh_user=core -e bootstrap_os=coreos -b --become-user=root --flush-cache -e ansible_user=core
NEW QUESTION # 66
......
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