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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Conducting an Audit | - Audit execution
|
| Planning and Initiating an Audit | - Audit program and planning activities
|
| Fundamentals of Information Security Auditing | - Audit principles based on ISO 19011
|
| Closing the Audit | - Audit reporting and follow-up
|
| Information Security Management System (ISMS) based on ISO/IEC 27001 | - ISO/IEC 27001 requirements (Clauses 4–10)
|
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187. Frage
您正在一家提供醫療保健服務的住宅療養院進行 ISMS 初始認證審核。審計計劃的下一步是召開末次會議。在最終審核小組會議上，身為審核組組長，您同意報告 2 項輕微不符合項和 1 項改進機會，如下：
選擇您將在最後一次會議上向受審核方提供建議的審核專案經理的建議選項。
Antwort: C
Begründung:
According to ISO/IEC 17021-1:2015, which specifies the requirements for bodies providing audit and certification of management systems, clause 9.4.9 requires the certification body to make a certification decision based on the information obtained during the audit and any other relevant information1. The certification body should also consider the effectiveness of the corrective actions taken by the auditee to address any nonconformities identified during the audit1. Therefore, when making a recommendation to the audit programme manager, an ISMS auditor should consider the nature and severity of the nonconformities and the proposed corrective actions.
Based on the scenario above, the auditor should recommend certification after their approval of the proposed corrective action plan and recommend that the findings can be closed out at a surveillance audit in 1 year. The auditor should provide the following justification for their recommendation:
* Justification: This recommendation is appropriate because it reflects the fact that the auditee has only two minor nonconformities and one opportunity for improvement, which do not indicate a significant or systemic failure of their ISMS. A minor nonconformity is defined as a failure to achieve one or more requirements of ISO/IEC 27001:2022 or a situation which raises significant doubt about the ability of an ISMS process to achieve its intended output, but does not affect its overall effectiveness or conformity2. An opportunity for improvement is defined as a suggestion for improvement beyond what is required by ISO/IEC 27001:20222. Therefore, these findings do not prevent or preclude certification, as long as they are addressed by appropriate corrective actions within a reasonable time frame. The auditor should approve the proposed corrective action plan before recommending certification, to ensure that it is realistic, achievable, and effective. The auditor should also recommend that the findings can be closed out at a surveillance audit in 1 year, to verify that the corrective actions have been implemented and are working as intended.
The other options are not valid recommendations for the audit programme manager, as they are either too lenient or too strict for the given scenario. For example:
* Recommend certification immediately: This option is not valid because it implies that the auditor ignores or accepts the nonconformities, which is contrary to the audit principles and objectives of ISO
19011:20182, which provides guidelines for auditing management systems. It also contradicts the requirement of ISO/IEC 17021-1:20151, which requires the certification body to consider the effectiveness of the corrective actions taken by the auditee before making a certification decision.
* Recommend that a full scope re-audit is required within 6 months: This option is not valid because it implies that the auditor overreacts or exaggerates the nonconformities, which is contrary to the audit principles and objectives of ISO 19011:20182. It also contradicts the requirement of ISO/IEC 17021-1:
20151, which requires the certification body to determine whether a re-audit is necessary based on the nature and extent of nonconformities and other relevant factors. A full scope re-audit is usually reserved for major nonconformities or multiple minor nonconformities that indicate a serious or widespread failure of an ISMS.
* Recommend that an unannounced audit is carried out at a future date: This option is not valid because it implies that the auditor distrusts or doubts the auditee's commitment or capability to implement corrective actions, which is contrary to the audit principles and objectives of ISO 19011:20182. It also contradicts the requirement of ISO/IEC 17021-1:20151, which requires the certification body to conduct unannounced audits only under certain conditions, such as when there are indications of serious problems with an ISMS or when required by sector-specific schemes.
* Recommend that a partial audit is required within 3 months: This option is not valid because it implies that the auditor imposes or prescribes a specific time frame or scope for verifying corrective actions, which is contrary to the audit principles and objectives of ISO 19011:20182. It also contradicts the requirement of ISO/IEC 17021-1:20151, which requires the certification body to determine whether a partial audit is necessary based on the nature and extent of nonconformities and other relevant factors.
A partial audit may be appropriate for minor nonconformities, but the time frame and scope should be agreed upon with the auditee and based on the proposed corrective action plan.
References: ISO/IEC 17021-1:2015 - Conformity assessment - Requirements for bodies providing audit and certification of management systems - Part 1: Requirements, ISO 19011:2018 - Guidelines for auditing management systems
188. Frage
您是一位經驗豐富的 ISMS 審核團隊負責人，負責對專門從事機密文件和可移動媒體安全處置的組織進行第三方認證審核。文件和媒體都被軍用級設備粉碎，因此無法重建原始文件。
審核進展順利，距離末次會議還有 30 分鐘，您正要開始撰寫審核報告。此時，組織的一名員工敲響了您的門，詢問是否可以與您交談。他們告訴您，當事情變得繁忙時，她的經理會告訴她使用較低等級的工業碎紙機，因為該組織擁有更多此類碎紙機並且運行速度更快。受審核方沒有告知您這些機器的存在或使用情況。
選擇三個選項來決定您應如何回應此訊息。
Antwort: A,E,F
Begründung:
According to ISO/IEC 27001:2022 clause 8.1, the organization must plan, implement and control the processes needed to meet the information security requirements, and to implement the actions determined in clause 6.1. The organization must also ensure that the outsourced processes are controlled or influenced. According to control A.5.24, the organization must establish and maintain an information security incident management process that includes reporting information security events and weaknesses. Therefore, the use of lower grade machines for the secure disposal of confidential documents and media could pose a significant information security risk and a potential breach of contract with the clients. The auditor should respond to this information by:
A . Advising the individual managing the audit programme of any recommendation by you to conduct a further audit prior to certification. This is in accordance with ISO/IEC 27006:2022 clause 7.4.3, which states that the audit team leader shall report to the certification body any situation that may significantly affect the audit conclusions or the certification decision, and propose any necessary changes to the audit plan.
C . Considering the need for a subsequent audit within 4 weeks based on the additional information that has come to light. This is in accordance with ISO/IEC 27006:2022 clause 7.5.2, which states that the audit team leader shall review the audit findings and any other appropriate information collected during the audit to determine the audit conclusions, and to identify any need for a subsequent audit.
G . Verifying with the auditee that lower grade machines are used in certain circumstances. This is in accordance with ISO/IEC 27006:2022 clause 7.4.2, which states that the audit team leader shall ensure that the audit is conducted in accordance with the audit plan, and that any changes to the plan are agreed upon and documented.
The other options are not appropriate responses, as they either ignore the information, exceed the scope of the audit, or prematurely raise a nonconformity without sufficient evidence. For example:
B . Cancelling the production of the audit report and instead reviewing the organization's contracts with its clients to determine whether they have permitted the use of lower grade machines. This is not a suitable response, as it would delay the audit process and the certification decision, and it would involve reviewing documents that are outside the scope of the ISMS audit. The auditor should focus on verifying the information security risk assessment and treatment process, and the information security incident management process, as they relate to the use of lower grade machines.
D . Doing nothing. All audits are based on a sample and the sample you took did not include a planned review of the lower grade machines. This is not a suitable response, as it would disregard a significant information security risk and a potential nonconformity that could affect the audit conclusions and the certification decision. The auditor should follow up on the information provided by the employee and verify its validity and impact.
E . Extending the certification audit duration to create additional time to audit the use of the lower grade machines. This is not a suitable response, as it would disrupt the audit schedule and the availability of the audit team and the auditee. The auditor should report the situation to the certification body and propose any necessary changes to the audit plan, such as conducting a subsequent audit.
F . Raising a nonconformity against 8.1 Operational Planning and Control as the organization has not been open about its processes. This is not a suitable response, as it would be based on a single source of information that has not been verified or corroborated. The auditor should collect sufficient and appropriate audit evidence to support any nonconformity, and should also consider the root cause and the severity of the nonconformity.
Reference:
ISO/IEC 27001:2022, clauses 8.1 and Annex A control A.5.24
ISO/IEC 27006:2022, clauses 7.4.2, 7.4.3, and 7.5.2
[PECB Candidate Handbook ISO/IEC 27001 Lead Auditor], pages 18-19, 23-24 A Step-by-Step Guide to Conducting an ISO 27001 Internal Audit ISO 27001 - Annex A.16: Information Security Incident Management
189. Frage
您正在對一家提供醫療保健服務的養老院進行資訊安全管理系統 (ISMS) 審核。
審計計劃的下一步是驗證資訊安全事件管理流程。
IT 安全經理介紹資訊安全事件管理程序(文件參考 ID：ISMS_L2_16，版本 4)。
您在審閱文件時注意到一則聲明：「任何資訊安全漏洞、事件和事故都應在發現後 1 小時內報告給聯絡人 (PoC)」。在與員工面談時，您發現他們對「漏洞、事件和事故」這一短語的含義理解存在差異。
IT安全經理解釋說，6個月前舉辦了一次線上「資訊安全處理」培訓研討會。所有受訪者都參加了研討會，並通過了報告撰寫練習和課程評估。
您希望進一步調查其他領域，以收集更多審計證據。請選擇三個不屬於有效審計追蹤範圍的選項。
Antwort: A,D,G
Begründung:
The three options that would not be valid audit trails are:
*Collect more evidence on how the organisation manages the Point of Contact (PoC) which monitors vulnerabilities. (Relevant to clause 8.1)
*Collect more evidence on whether terms and definitions are contained in the information security policy.
(Relevant to control 5.32)
*Collect more evidence to determine if ISO 27035 (Information security incident management) is used as internal audit criteria. (Relevant to clause 8.13) These options are not valid audit trails because they are not directly related to the information security incident management process, which is the focus of the audit. The audit trails should be relevant to the objectives, scope, and criteria of the audit, and should provide sufficient and reliable evidence to support the audit findings and conclusions1.
Option E is not valid because the PoC is not a part of the information security incident management process, but rather a role that is responsible for reporting and escalating information security incidents to the appropriate authorities2. The audit trail should focus on how the PoC performs this function, not how the organisation manages the PoC.
Option G is not valid because the terms and definitions are not a part of the information security incident management process, but rather a part of the information security policy, which is a high-level document that defines the organisation's information security objectives, principles, and responsibilities3. The audit trail should focus on how the information security policy is communicated, implemented, and reviewed, not whether it contains terms and definitions.
Option H is not valid because ISO 27035 is not a part of the information security incident management process, but rather a guidance document that provides best practices for managing information security incidents4. The audit trail should focus on how the organisation follows the requirements of ISO/IEC 27001:
2022 for information security incident management, not whether it uses ISO 27035 as an internal audit criteria.
The other options are valid audit trails because they are related to the information security incident management process, and they can provide useful evidence to evaluate the conformity and effectiveness of the process. For example:
*Option A is valid because it relates to control A.5.29, which requires the organisation to establish procedures to isolate and quarantine areas subject to information security incidents, in order to prevent further damage and preserve evidence5. The audit trail should collect evidence on how the organisation implements and tests these procedures, and how they ensure the continuity of information security during disruption.
*Option B is valid because it relates to control A.6.8, which requires the organisation to establish mechanisms for reporting information security events and weaknesses, and to ensure that they are communicated in a timely manner to the appropriate levels within the organisation6. The audit trail should collect evidence on how the organisation defines and uses these mechanisms, and how they monitor and review the reporting process.
*Option C is valid because it relates to clause 7.2, which requires the organisation to provide information security awareness, education, and training to all persons under its control, and to evaluate the effectiveness of these activities7. The audit trail should collect evidence on how the organisation identifies the information security training needs, how they deliver and record the training, and how they measure the learning outcomes and feedback.
*Option D is valid because it relates to control A.5.27, which requires the organisation to learn from information security incidents and to implement corrective actions to prevent recurrence or reduce impact8.
The audit trail should collect evidence on how the organisation analyses and documents the root causes and consequences of information security incidents, how they identify and implement corrective actions, and how they verify the effectiveness of these actions.
*Option F is valid because it relates to control A.5.30, which requires the organisation to establish and maintain a business continuity plan to ensure the availability of information and information processing facilities in the event of a severe information security incident9. The audit trail should collect evidence on how the organisation develops and updates the business continuity plan, how they test and review the plan, and how they communicate and train the relevant personnel on the plan.
References:
1: ISO 19011:2018, 6.2;
2: ISO/IEC 27001:2022, A.6.8.1;
3: ISO/IEC 27001:2022, 5.2;
4: ISO/IEC 27035:2016, Introduction;
5: ISO/IEC 27001:2022, A.5.29;
6: ISO/IEC 27001:2022, A.6.8;
7: ISO/IEC 27001:2022, 7.2;
8: ISO/IEC 27001:2022, A.5.27;
9: ISO/IEC 27001:2022, A.5.30;
10: ISO 19011:2018;
11: ISO/IEC 27001:2022;
12: ISO/IEC 27001:2022;
13: ISO/IEC 27035:2016;
14: ISO/IEC 27001:2022;
15: ISO/IEC 27001:2022;
16: ISO/IEC 27001:2022;
17: ISO/IEC 27001:2022;
18: ISO/IEC 27001:2022
190. Frage
請將以下情況與所需的審核類型相符。
Antwort:
Begründung:
Explanation:
* Top management requests auditors from the organisation's compliance department to audit the production process in order to ensure the final product meets quality requirements = First-party audit
* Auditors from the buyer's organisation audit their raw material supplier to ensure the supply fulfils the order and contract = Second-party audit
* Auditors from an independent certification body conduct an audit of the organisation to verify conformity with an ISO Standard for certification purposes = Third-party audit
* The organisation has been audited against two management system standards in one audit = Combined audit Explanation: According to the ISO/IEC 27001 standard, there are three main categories of audits: internal, external, and certification1. An internal audit, also known as a first-party audit, is an audit conducted by the organisation itself, or by an external party on its behalf, for management review and other internal purposes12. An external audit, also known as a second-party audit, is an audit conducted by a customer or other interested party on a supplier or contractor to verify compliance with contractual or other requirements12. A certification audit, also known as a third-party audit, is an audit conducted by an independent certification body to verify conformity with an ISO standard for certification purposes12. A combined audit is an audit where two or more management system standards are audited together3.
References: 1: PECB Candidate Handbook - ISO/IEC 27001 Lead Auditor, page 192: ISO 27001 Audit Types and How They are Conducted23: The Four ISO 27001 Audit Categories, Explained4
191. Frage
情境 6
Sinvestment是一家提供多種保險方案的保險公司，包括房屋保險、商業保險和人壽保險。該公司最初成立於北加州，現已將業務拓展至歐洲和非洲等其他地區。除了業務成長之外，Sinvestment還致力於遵守其所在行業的相關法律法規，並防止任何資訊安全事件的發生。他們已實施基於ISO標準的資訊安全管理系統(ISMS)。
/IEC 27001，並已申請認證。
認證機構指派了一支審核團隊進行審核。審核團隊與Sinvestment簽署保密協議後，便開始了審核工作。第一階段審核的所有活動均在現場進行，但應Sinvestment的要求，對已存檔資訊的審查工作將以遠端方式進行。
審計團隊首先進行了第一階段審計，審查了所需文件，包括資訊安全管理系統(ISMS)範圍聲明、資訊安全策略和內部審計報告。已記錄資訊的評估主要基於其內容和管理流程。
此外，審計人員還發現，與資訊安全培訓和意識提升專案相關的文件不完整，缺乏關鍵細節。當被問及此事時，Sinvestment 的高階管理人員表示，該公司已為所有員工提供了資訊安全培訓課程。
第二階段審計在第一階段審計三週後進行。審計小組發現，行銷部(未包含在審計範圍內)沒有控制員工存取權限的程序。
由於控制員工存取權限是 ISO/IEC 27001 的要求之一，並且已納入公司的資訊安全政策，因此該問題被納入了審計報告。
問題
根據情境 6，審計團隊在對 Sinvestment 的資訊安全管理系統 (ISMS) 進行審計時，採用了哪些證據蒐集和分析方法？
Antwort: C
Begründung:
The audit team used documented information review and observation for evidence collection and evaluation for analysis, making option A the correct answer. This aligns directly with ISO 19011, which identifies document review, observation, and evaluation as primary audit techniques.
In the scenario, auditors reviewed ISMS documentation remotely, observed departmental practices during stage 2, and evaluated whether controls such as access rights management and training documentation met ISO/IEC 27001 requirements. These activities constitute classic evidence-based auditing methods.
Option B is incorrect because there is no indication that technical verification or extensive sampling of systems occurred. Option C is incorrect because the audit did not rely solely on interviews, nor was trend analysis the primary analytical method used. Interviews were supplementary, not exclusive.
ISO auditing requires auditors to triangulate evidence using multiple methods. The combination of document review, observation, and evaluative analysis reflects appropriate and recommended audit practice.
192. Frage
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