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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Organizational Structure and Culture | - Organizational design and structure types - Organizational culture and change |
| Topic 2: Motivation and Performance | - Goal setting and performance management - Motivation theories (Maslow, Herzberg, McClelland, Expectancy theory) |
| Topic 3: Ethics and Organizational Responsibility | - Corporate social responsibility - Ethical decision making in organizations |
| Topic 4: Teams and Group Dynamics | - Team formation and development stages - Group decision-making and conflict resolution |
| Topic 5: Foundations of Organizational Behavior | - Individual behavior in organizations - Work attitudes and job satisfaction - Definition and scope of organizational behavior |
| Topic 6: Communication and Decision Making | - Organizational communication processes - Decision-making models and biases |
| Topic 7: Leadership and Management | - Leadership styles and theories - Power, influence, and authority |
| Topic 8: Human Resource and Workplace Behavior | - Performance evaluation and feedback systems - Recruitment, selection, and onboarding concepts |
>> Key Organizational-Behavior Concepts <<
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NEW QUESTION # 40
After physiological desires such as hunger, thirst, and shelter are met, the next level of desires becomes the basis for motivation. This is an example of which theory?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs is perhaps the best-known theory of motivation. Maslow hypothesized that within every human being, there exists a hierarchy of five needs:Physiological(hunger, thirst, shelter),Safety(security and protection),Social(affection, belongingness),Esteem(self-respect, autonomy), andSelf-actualization(achieving one's potential).
Image of Maslow's hierarchy of needs
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The core premise of this theory is the "progression principle," which states that as each of these needs becomes substantially satisfied, the next need in the hierarchy becomes dominant as a motivator. The question highlights that once physiological desires (the lowest level) are met, the individual moves to the next level. In Maslow's original model, the level immediately following physiological needs isSafety and Security. This level involves seeking a predictable environment free from physical and emotional harm. In an organizational context, this translates to job security, health benefits, and a safe working environment. According to Maslow, once an employee feels physically safe and secure, they will no longer be motivated by these factors and will instead seek to satisfy "social" or "belonging" needs. While contemporary research suggests that people don't always follow this rigid linear progression, Maslow's model remains a foundational tool for managers to understand that an employee's needs change as their circumstances improve.
NEW QUESTION # 41
When is organizational culture a liability?
Answer: A
Explanation:
While a strong culture can be a significant asset by improving employee commitment and reducing ambiguity, it can also become aliabilityunder certain conditions. One of the most critical liabilities occurswhen a strong organizational culture limits diversity within the organization. Because a strong culture pressures employees to conform to accepted values and behaviors, it can create a "mismatch" for people who bring different perspectives or backgrounds.
Strong cultures often act as a barrier to change because they lead to institutionalization, where behaviors are followed blindly without question. This can be particularly damaging during mergers or acquisitions, where two conflicting strong cultures may fail to integrate. Furthermore, when the shared values do not align with the organization's effectiveness in a changing environment, the culture becomes a "barrier to diversity" and a
"barrier to change". Management must therefore balance the benefits of a cohesive culture with the need for diverse viewpoints that prevent "groupthink" and allow the organization to remain adaptable.
NEW QUESTION # 42
If a work group's goal is to share information, what is a work team's goal?
Answer: A
Explanation:
In Organizational Behavior, a critical distinction is made between a "work group" and a "work team". A work group is a collection of individuals who interact primarily to share information and make decisions to help each member perform within his or her area of responsibility. In a work group, there is no particular need or opportunity for collective work that requires joint effort; therefore, their performance is merely the summation of each group member's individual contribution.
A work team, however, is a group whose individual efforts result in performance that is greater than the sum of those individual inputs. The fundamental goal of a work team iscollective performance. While work groups focus on individual accountability and sharing information to assist individual tasks, work teams focus on mutual accountability and synergy. This synergy allows the team to achieve a level of output that exceeds what the members could accomplish alone. For a team to be effective, it requires a mix of complementary skills-technical, problem-solving, and interpersonal-directed toward a common purpose and specific performance goals. Managers transition from groups to teams when the task at hand is complex enough that it requires the coordinated, collective effort of multiple people rather than just a series of independent tasks.
Therefore, the shift from "sharing information" (group) to "collective performance" (team) represents a significant increase in the interdependence of the members.
NEW QUESTION # 43
Management has noticed that the accounting work group is having difficulty because group members seem to be working in different directions. Which suggested action can the company take to increase group cohesiveness?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Group cohesiveness refers to the degree to which members are attracted to one another and are motivated to remain part of the group. When members are "working in different directions," it indicates a lack of alignment and shared purpose. One of the most effective structural methods to foster unity is togive group rewards rather than individual rewards. When rewards are tied to the collective output of the team, members are incentivized to collaborate, share information, and support one another to ensure the entire group succeeds.
Individual rewards often foster internal competition, which can further fragment a group that is already struggling with alignment.
In addition to group-based rewards, other strategies to increase cohesiveness include making the group smaller, increasing the time members spend together, and stimulating competition withothergroups (rather than avoiding it). By shifting the focus from individual achievement to collective success, the organization encourages members to coordinate their efforts, thereby increasing the "we-feeling" necessary for high- performing teams.
NEW QUESTION # 44
Which characteristic describes an advantage of a virtual team as compared with other types of teams?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Virtual teams use computer technology to unite physically dispersed members in order to achieve a common goal. The defining advantage of virtual teams is their ability to overcome the constraints of time and space, allowingpeople to work together who might otherwise not be able to collaborateon a work task. This is particularly beneficial for global organizations that need to pull together the best experts regardless of where they are located in the world.
Image of virtual team collaboration
However, virtual teams face unique challenges compared to face-to-face teams. Because they rely on electronic communication, they often suffer from a lack of nonverbal cues (like body language and tone of voice), which makes communication less rich and more prone to misunderstanding. Consequently, virtual teams often report lower levels of satisfaction with the interaction process and may take longer to build trust and rapport (refuting options B and D). To be effective, managers of virtual teams must ensure that the team has the right technology, that progress is closely monitored, and that efforts are made to create "social presence" through occasional video calls or face-to-face meetings to build the trust that forms more naturally in traditional office settings. Despite these hurdles, the strategic benefit of accessing diverse talent from across the globe makes the virtual team an essential tool in the modern organizational landscape.
NEW QUESTION # 45
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