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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Network Observability | 10% | - Understand the Observability Capabilities of Hubble
|
| Cluster Mesh | 10% | - Understand the Benefits of Cluster Mesh for Multi-cluster Connectivity
|
| BGP and External Networking | 6% | - Egress Connectivity Requirements
|
| Architecture | 20% | - Understand the Role of Cilium in Kubernetes Environments
|
| Network Policy | 18% | - Interpret Cilium Network Policies and Intent
|
| Service Mesh | 16% | - Know How to use Ingress or Gateway API for Ingress Routing
|
| Installation and Configuration | 10% | - Know How to Use Cilium CLI to Query and Modify the Configuration
|
| eBPF | 10% | - Understand the Role of eBPF in Cilium
|
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NEW QUESTION # 57
Which Cilium configuration is recommended to help identify the correct configuration of network policies without interrupting workload communications?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Policy Audit Mode allows administrators to evaluate the consequences of network policies before enforcing their deny decisions. Traffic that would ordinarily be rejected remains permitted, while Cilium records an audit verdict. These verdicts can be examined with Cilium monitoring tools and used to identify legitimate communications that are missing from the proposed policies.
This is especially valuable when introducing host policies or default-deny controls into an existing environment. An incomplete policy might otherwise block access to the Kubernetes API, node-management interfaces, DNS, monitoring systems, or other operational dependencies. The recommended workflow is to enable audit mode, observe traffic and policy verdicts, adjust the rules, confirm that all required communications receive allow verdicts, and then disable audit mode to begin enforcement.
DNS enforcement mode and HTTP audit mode are not the general Cilium configuration requested. "Policy enforcement mode" describes whether policies are normally enforced, but it does not provide the non- disruptive learning behavior in the question.
Audit mode should be treated as a temporary validation mechanism because it does not actually block disallowed traffic and does not persist across every agent-restart scenario.
Official references
Cilium Policy Audit Mode
Study Guide topic: Policy validation, audit verdicts, and safe policy rollout.
NEW QUESTION # 58
What is a correct statement related to BIG TCP, an eBPF-based feature in Cilium?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technical explanation
BIG TCP permits the Linux networking stack to process packets larger than the traditional approximately 64- KiB limit represented by the IP length field while the packets remain inside the host. IPv6 BIG TCP uses a temporary Hop-by-Hop header carrying the larger internal length, while IPv4 BIG TCP sets tot_len to zero and uses the socket buffer length internally. Before transmission, packets are segmented into sizes suitable for the physical network. C therefore identifies the problem BIG TCP addresses.
Option A is false because Cilium's documentation explicitly states that BIG TCP does not require network- interface MTU changes. The larger objects exist inside the software networking stack and are segmented before appearing on the wire.
Option B reverses the intended performance effect. Larger internal GSO and GRO packets reduce repeated stack traversal, lowering CPU utilization and generally improving throughput and latency. Option D is also false: Generic Segmentation Offload and Generic Receive Offload are fundamental to BIG TCP's operation.
Cilium increases their maximum sizes when BIG TCP is enabled. The source mentions TSO, but the documented mechanism is principally described through GSO and GRO.
Official references
Cilium Performance Tuning and BIG TCP
Study Guide topic: BIG TCP, GSO/GRO, packet-length limits, and performance.
NEW QUESTION # 59
What is the purpose of the 12 Announcements" feature?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Technical explanation
The question's "12 Announcements" wording is a source transcription error for L2 Announcements . This feature makes Kubernetes Services visible and reachable to clients on the local Layer 2 network, particularly in on-premises, office, campus, or bare-metal environments that do not use BGP-based service advertisement.
Cilium responds to ARP requests for IPv4 Service addresses and NDP requests for IPv6 addresses. A selected node advertises the LoadBalancer IP or ExternalIP using its MAC address and receives traffic for that virtual IP. Cilium then applies its service load-balancing functionality to forward the connection to an appropriate backend. Leadership is coordinated so that one node advertises a given Service at a time, and the virtual IP can move to another eligible node after failure.
The feature is not intended to provide general Layer 2 multicast, making A incorrect. DNS service discovery is handled through Kubernetes DNS and is independent of L2 announcements, eliminating C. It also does not define Layer 2 security policies, so D is incorrect.
Thus, the purpose is external Service reachability on the local area network, exactly as described by B.
Official references
L2 Announcements .
Study Guide topic: BGP and External Networking.
NEW QUESTION # 60
Which statement is true about Mutual Authentication with Cilium?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Technical explanation
SPIRE supplies workload identities as SPIFFE Verifiable Identity Documents, including X.509 key material used for mutual authentication. SPIFFE's identity model supports automatic issuance, rotation, and revocation, allowing short-lived certificates to be renewed without manually distributing static credentials.
This makes D the correct statement.
Option A reverses the documented default. Cilium's default SPIRE installation requires persistent-volume support. In-memory storage can be selected for laboratory environments by disabling server data storage, but that setting causes SPIRE data to be recreated if the server pod restarts. Option B also reverses the relationship between the projects: SPIFFE defines the identity standards and APIs, while SPIRE is a production-ready implementation of SPIFFE. Cilium's mutual-authentication integration has been validated with SPIRE.
Option C overstates the operational requirement. A SPIRE server is involved, but Cilium's Helm chart can deploy and configure the supported SPIRE server and per-node agents. Administrators may provide their own deployment, yet a completely manual installation is not mandatory.
Current documentation classifies this mutual-authentication implementation as beta and notes limitations, including incompatibility with Cluster Mesh trust domains. Those maturity constraints do not change the certificate-management behavior described in D.
Official references
Cilium Mutual Authentication .
Study Guide topic: Service Mesh.
NEW QUESTION # 61
What is correct about the Kubernetes Host Scope IP Address Management (IPAM) mode?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Kubernetes host-scope IPAM can be used with both Cilium tunnel routing and native direct routing. The IPAM mechanism determines how each node receives and locally allocates pod addresses; it does not inherently require a particular packet-forwarding model. The current IPAM feature matrix explicitly marks both tunnel routing and direct routing as supported for Kubernetes host-scope mode.
In this mode, Kubernetes allocates a PodCIDR to each node and publishes it through the standard v1.Node resource, normally in spec.podCIDR or spec.podCIDRs . The Cilium agent waits for the relevant range and allocates individual pod addresses from that node-specific CIDR. The correct configuration is ipam:
kubernetes or the Helm equivalent ipam.mode=kubernetes , not ipam: crd ; therefore, C is false.
The documented feature matrix does not provide multiple CIDRs per cluster or multiple CIDRs per node for this mode, eliminating A and B. Multi-pool IPAM is the Cilium mode designed for allocating per-node CIDRs from multiple configurable pools.
Because Kubernetes host-scope IPAM supports either overlay tunneling or direct routing while the other statements contradict its capabilities or configuration, D is correct.
Official references
IP Address Management ; Kubernetes Host Scope .
Study Guide topic: Installation and Configuration.
NEW QUESTION # 62
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