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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: System Hardening | 15% | - Kernel and node security configuration - Host security controls |
| Topic 2: Monitoring, Logging and Runtime Security | 15% | - Runtime threat detection - Audit logging and monitoring |
| Topic 3: Cluster Setup | 15% | - Secure installation configuration - Hardening cluster components |
| Topic 4: Cluster Hardening | 15% | - Authentication and authorization - API server security |
| Topic 5: Supply Chain Security | 20% | - Image scanning and verification - Secure CI/CD practices |
| Topic 6: Minimizing Microservice Vulnerabilities | 20% | - Container isolation and security contexts - Pod security standards |
>> CKS Simulation Questions <<
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NEW QUESTION # 59
Enable audit logs in the cluster, To Do so, enable the log backend, and ensure that
1. logs are stored at /var/log/kubernetes-logs.txt.
2. Log files are retained for 12 days.
3. at maximum, a number of 8 old audit logs files are retained.
4. set the maximum size before getting rotated to 200MB
Edit and extend the basic policy to log:
1. namespaces changes at RequestResponse
2. Log the request body of secrets changes in the namespace kube-system.
3. Log all other resources in core and extensions at the Request level.
4. Log "pods/portforward", "services/proxy" at Metadata level.
5. Omit the Stage RequestReceived
All other requests at the Metadata level
Answer:
Explanation:
Kubernetes auditing provides a security-relevant chronological set of records about a cluster. Kube-apiserver performs auditing. Each request on each stage of its execution generates an event, which is then pre-processed according to a certain policy and written to a backend. The policy determines what's recorded and the backends persist the records.
You might want to configure the audit log as part of compliance with the CIS (Center for Internet Security) Kubernetes Benchmark controls.
The audit log can be enabled by default using the following configuration in cluster.yml:
services:
kube-api:
audit_log:
enabled: true
When the audit log is enabled, you should be able to see the default values at /etc/kubernetes/audit-policy.yaml The log backend writes audit events to a file in JSONlines format. You can configure the log audit backend using the following kube-apiserver flags:
--audit-log-path specifies the log file path that log backend uses to write audit events. Not specifying this flag disables log backend. - means standard out
--audit-log-maxage defined the maximum number of days to retain old audit log files
--audit-log-maxbackup defines the maximum number of audit log files to retain
--audit-log-maxsize defines the maximum size in megabytes of the audit log file before it gets rotated If your cluster's control plane runs the kube-apiserver as a Pod, remember to mount the hostPath to the location of the policy file and log file, so that audit records are persisted. For example:
--audit-policy-file=/etc/kubernetes/audit-policy.yaml \
--audit-log-path=/var/log/audit.log
NEW QUESTION # 60
SIMULATION
Given an existing Pod named test-web-pod running in the namespace test-system Edit the existing Role bound to the Pod's Service Account named sa-backend to only allow performing get operations on endpoints.
Create a new Role named test-system-role-2 in the namespace test-system, which can perform patch operations, on resources of type statefulsets.
Create a new RoleBinding named test-system-role-2-binding binding the newly created Role to the Pod's ServiceAccount sa-backend.
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 61
You have a Kubernetes cluster that runs a sensitive application called "banking-app" in a Deployment The application needs access to a private registry to pull container images. You want to ensure that the "banking-app" container only communicates with the private registry and no other external networks. How can you use NetworkPolicy to enforce this network security restriction?
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Create a NetworkPolicy tor the Private Registry: You'll create a NetworkPolicy that allows the "banking-app" container to communicate with the private registry but blocks access to all other external networks.
'podSelectors: This defines which pods are affected by the policy. - 'policyTypeS: This specifies the type of traffic that the policy governs (Ingress in this case). - 'ingress': Defines the allowed incoming traffic. - 'trom': Specifies the source of allowed traffic. - spodSeIector': Allows traffic from other pods with the "banking-app" label. - 'ipBlock': Allows traffic from a specific CIDR range. - 'cidr': Replace '172.17.0.0/16' with the actual CIDR of your private registry. - 'except': Optional for excluding specific IP addresses or ranges. 2 Apply the NetworkPolicy: Apply the YAML file to your cluster: bash kubectl apply -f banking-app-registry-access.yaml 3. Verify NetworkPolicy: After applying the policy, run: bash kubectl get networkpolicy -n default # Replace 'default' with your namespace You should see your new "banking-app-registry-access" NetworkPolicy listed. 4. Test the Policy: - Try to access external networks from within the "banking-app" container. - You should observe that the container is unable to connect to any external services except the private registry. - Make sure your application can still pull images from the private registry. 5. Additional Considerations: - Egress Traffic: You might need to define a separate NetworkPolicy for 'Egress' traffic if you want to allow the "banking-app" to communicate with specific internal services. - Detailed Controls: You can add more specific rules to the 'ingress' section to allow specific ports or protocols from the private registry.
NEW QUESTION # 62
SIMULATION
Documentation Deployments, Pods, Falco
You must connect to the correct host . Failure to do so may result in a zero score.
[candidate@base] $ ssh cks000026
Context
A Pod is misbehaving and poses a security threat to the system.
Task
One of the Pods belonging to the application ollama is misbehaving. It is directly accessing the system's memory reading from the sensitive file /dev/mem.
First, identify the misbehaving Pod accessing /dev/mem.
The cluster uses the Docker Engine as its container runtime . If needed, use the docker command to troubleshoot running containers.
Next, identify the Deployment managing the misbehaving Pod and scale it to zero replicas.
Do not modify the Deployment except for scaling it down.
Do not modify any other Deployments .
Do not delete any Deployments.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the Explanation below for complete solution
Explanation:
1) Connect to the correct host
ssh cks000026
sudo -i
2) Identify the misbehaving Pod accessing /dev/mem
This task hints Falco is available โ use it first (fast + intended).
2.1 Check Falco logs for /dev/mem access
journalctl -u falco | grep dev/mem
If Falco runs as a pod instead of systemd:
kubectl -n falco logs -l app=falco | grep dev/mem
2.2 Identify the Pod name
From the Falco output, you will see something like:
Pod=ollama-xxxxx Namespace=default File=/dev/mem
Note the exact Pod name (example: ollama-7c9d6f7b6d-abcde)
3) (If Falco logs are unclear) Confirm using Docker runtime
Because the cluster uses Docker, verify which container is accessing /dev/mem.
3.1 List running containers
docker ps
3.2 Inspect suspicious container
(Find container related to ollama)
docker inspect <container_id> | grep ollama
You should confirm it maps to the same Pod you saw in Falco.
4) Identify the Deployment managing the misbehaving Pod
4.1 Get Pod details
kubectl get pod <MISBEHAVING_POD_NAME> -o wide
4.2 Find owning Deployment
kubectl get pod <MISBEHAVING_POD_NAME> -o jsonpath='{.metadata.ownerReference[0].name}' This will output something like:
ollama
That is the Deployment name
5) Scale ONLY that Deployment to zero replicas
Do not edit, delete, or touch anything else
kubectl scale deployment ollama --replicas=0
6) Verify the Pod is terminated
kubectl get pods | grep ollama
Expected: no running Pods
Also confirm replicas:
kubectl get deployment ollama
Replicas should show:
0/0
NEW QUESTION # 63
You are responsible for securing a Kubernetes cluster that hosts sensitive dat
a. You need to ensure that all communication between pods within the cluster is encrypted. Implement a solution that enforces mutual TLS authentication between pods.
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step):
1. Generate certificates and keys for each pod. You can use a tool like 'openssr to generate self-signed certificates or use a certificate authority (CA) to issue certificates- Each pod will need its own private key and a certificate signed by the CA.
2. Create a Kubernetes Secret to store the certificates and keys. This Secret should be mounted as a volume in each pod.
3. Configure the pods to use the certificates for mutual TLS. This typically involves setting environment variables or command-line arguments to specify the location of the certificate and key files.
4. Deploy a service mesh like Istio or Linkerd. These tools can automate the process of certificate management and mTLS enforcement They provide features like automatic certificate rotation, centralized control Plane for managing mTLS configurations, and traffic encryption. Important Considerations: Certificate Management: Implement a secure and automated process for certificate issuance and renewal. Resource Overhead: mTLS can introduce some performance overhead, so monitor your application performance after implementation. Troubleshooting: Have a plan for troubleshooting connectivity issues related to mTLS.
NEW QUESTION # 64
......
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