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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| The Linux Operating System | - Operating System Components - Processes and System Resources - Package Management Basics |
| Security and File Permissions | - Users and Groups - Basic Security Concepts - File Permissions and Ownership |
| The Power of the Linux Command Line | - Basic Commands and Utilities - Introduction to Shell and Scripting Concepts - Working with Text Streams |
| Finding Your Way on a Linux System | - File and Directory Operations - Filesystem Navigation - Command Line Basics |
| The Linux Community and a Career in Open Source | - Major Open Source Applications - Linux Evolution and Popular Operating Systems - Open Source Software and Licensing - ICT Skills and Working in Linux |
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NEW QUESTION # 59
The file script.sh in the current directory contains the following content:
#!/bin/bash echo $MYVAR
The following commands are used to execute this script:
MYVAR=value
./script.sh
The result is an empty line instead of the content of the variable MYVAR. How should MYVAR be set in order to make script.sh display the content of MYVAR?
Answer: B
Explanation:
The reason why the script.sh does not display the content of the variable MYVAR is that the variable is not exported to the environment of the script. When a script is executed, it runs in a separate process that inherits the environment variables from the parent process, but not the shell variables. A shell variable is a variable that is defined and visible only in the current shell session, while an environment variable is a variable that is exported to the environment and visible to all processes that run in that environment1.
To make a shell variable an environment variable, we need to use the export command. The export command takes a shell variable name and adds it to the environment of the current shell and any subshells or processes that are created from it2. For example, to export the variable MYVAR with the value value, we can use:
export MYVAR=value
This will make the variable MYVAR available to the script.sh when it is executed, and the script will print the value of MYVAR as expected. Alternatively, we can also use the export command with the -n option to remove a variable from the environment, or with the -p option to list all the environment variables2.
The other options are not valid ways to set MYVAR as an environment variable. The !MYVAR=value option is not a valid syntax for setting a variable in bash. The env MYVAR=value option will run the env command with the MYVAR=value argument, which will print the environment variables with the addition of MYVAR=value, but it will not affect the current shell or the script.sh3. The MYVAR=value option will set MYVAR as a shell variable, but not as an environment variable, so it will not be visible to the script.sh1. The $MYVAR=value option will try to set the variable whose name is the value of MYVAR to the value value, which is not what we want4. Reference:
Linux Essentials Exam Objectives, Version 1.6, Topic 103.1, Weight 2
Linux Essentials Certification Guide, Chapter 3, Page 51-52
env(1) - Linux manual page
Bash Variables - LinuxConfig.org
NEW QUESTION # 60
What happens to a file residing outside the home directory when the file owner's account is deleted? (Choose two.)
Answer: A,D
Explanation:
Explanation
When a user account is deleted, the files owned by that user are not automatically deleted from the file system, unless they are in the user's home directory. The files residing outside the home directory will remain unchanged, but they will have an invalid owner. The owner of a file is identified by a numeric user ID (UID), which is mapped to a user name by the /etc/passwd file. When a user is deleted, the corresponding entry in the
/etc/passwd file is removed, but the UID of the file is not changed. Therefore, when listing the file's details, the UID of the former owner is shown instead of the user name. For example, if the user alice with UID 1001 is deleted, and she owns a file named report.txt in the /tmp directory, the output of ls -l /tmp/report.txt will look something like this:
-rw-r-r-- 1 1001 users 1024 Nov 20 14:11 /tmp/report.txt
The user root is not set as the new owner of the file, nor is the file moved to /lost+found or removed from the file system. The /lost+found directory is used to store files that are recovered from a corrupted file system after running the fsck command, not from deleted user accounts. The file system check does not affect the ownership or permissions of the files, unless there is a serious inconsistency that needs to be fixed. References
:
* Linux Essentials - Linux Professional Institute (LPI), section 5.2.1
* 5.2 Lesson 1 - Linux Professional Institute Certification Programs, slide 6.
NEW QUESTION # 61
Where is the operating system of a Raspberry Pi stored?
Answer: A
Explanation:
The Raspberry Pi uses an SD card (or microSD card for newer models) as its main storage device. This means that the operating system and any other files are stored on the SD card, which can be easily inserted or removed from the Raspberry Pi. The SD card also allows the user to switch between different operating systems by using different cards or partitions. The Raspberry Pi does not have any internal storage, such as a hard disk drive or a solid state drive, nor does it use any external devices, such as an IDE bus, a firmware partition, or a GPIO module, to store the operating system. Reference:
Raspberry Pi OS - Raspberry Pi
Choosing Storage for Raspberry Pi - Kingston Technology
Beginner's Guide: How To Install a New OS on Raspberry Pi
NEW QUESTION # 62
What parameter of ls prints a recursive listing of a directory's content? (Specify ONLY the option name without any values or parameters.)
Answer:
Explanation:
lsR
NEW QUESTION # 63
A directory contains the following three files:
texts 1.txt
texts 2.txt
texts 3.csv
Which command copies the two files ending in .txt to the /tmp/ directory?
Answer: C
Explanation:
The correct command to copy the two files ending in .txt to the /tmp/ directory is cp *.txt /tmp/. This command uses the wildcard character * to match any number of characters before the .txt extension. Therefore, it will copy both texts 1.txt and texts 2.txt to the destination directory /tmp/. The other options are incorrect because they use different wildcard characters or syntax that do not match the desired files. For example, option A uses ?? to match exactly two characters before the .txt extension, but the files have a space and a number, which are not considered as one character. Option C uses a backslash \ to escape the dot . before the .txt extension, but this is unnecessary and will cause the command to fail. Option D uses ? to match exactly one character before the .txt extension, but the files have more than one character. Option E uses $? to match the exit status of the previous command before the .txt extension, but this is not relevant and will cause the command to fail123 Reference: 1: Linux wildcards | How do wildcards work in Linux with examples? - EDUCBA 2: Wildcards in Linux explained with 10 examples | FOSS Linux 3: What are wildcard characters in Linux? - Sage-Answers
NEW QUESTION # 64
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