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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Architecture | 20% | - Cilium Architecture and Components - IP Address Management and Datapath Models |
| Cluster Mesh | 10% | - Multi-Cluster Connectivity - Service Discovery and Load Balancing |
| Service Mesh | 16% | - Ingress and Gateway API - Traffic Encryption and Service Mesh Architectures |
| BGP and External Networking | 6% | - Egress Connectivity - Connecting Cilium Clusters to External Networks |
| Network Observability | 10% | - Hubble CLI and UI - Hubble and Layer 7 Visibility |
| Network Policy | 18% | - Identity-Based Network Security - Policy Rules and Enforcement |
| Installation and Configuration | 10% | - Installation and Connectivity Testing - Cilium CLI and Configuration |
| eBPF | 10% | - eBPF Role and Benefits - eBPF and iptables-Based Networking |
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NEW QUESTION # 61
After enabling Layer 7 visibility, you can now observe DNS domains and FQDN in your Hubble logs, like the one below.
Nov 16 13:52:07.279: endor/xwing-9bd8f454d-m46mm:34706 (ID:3817) < > example.com:443 (ID:
16777217) Policy denied DROPPED (TCP Flags SYN)
Which of these Hubble CLI commands could have returned the output above?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Technical explanation
A is clearly the intended answer because its filters correspond to the displayed source namespace ( endor ), destination port ( 443 ), and verdict ( DROPPED ). However, it contains example.con , whereas the observed flow names example.com . Therefore, none of the options would literally return this exact flow if the FQDN filter is matched as written. The corrected command is:
hubble observe --to-fqdn example.com --from-namespace endor --to-port 443 --verdict DROPPED Option B is malformed in two additional places and filters port 80 rather than 443. Option C selects the wrong FQDN and source namespace. Option D requests forwarded flows, directly contradicting the Policy denied DROPPED verdict; its wildcard also does not repair the verdict mismatch.
Hubble's observe filters are cumulative: a returned flow must satisfy the specified destination FQDN, originating namespace, destination port, and verdict. Layer 7 visibility is enabled with a Cilium network policy containing the relevant L7 rules, which redirects selected traffic through the proxy so that application- level details can be reported.
Official references
Inspecting Network Flows with the Hubble CLI , Layer 7 Protocol Visibility Study Guide topic: Hubble flow filtering, FQDN visibility, namespaces, ports, and verdicts.
NEW QUESTION # 62
What is a correct statement related to BIG TCP, an eBPF-based feature in Cilium?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Technical explanation
BIG TCP permits the Linux networking stack to process packets larger than the traditional approximately 64- KiB limit represented by the IP length field while the packets remain inside the host. IPv6 BIG TCP uses a temporary Hop-by-Hop header carrying the larger internal length, while IPv4 BIG TCP sets tot_len to zero and uses the socket buffer length internally. Before transmission, packets are segmented into sizes suitable for the physical network. C therefore identifies the problem BIG TCP addresses.
Option A is false because Cilium's documentation explicitly states that BIG TCP does not require network- interface MTU changes. The larger objects exist inside the software networking stack and are segmented before appearing on the wire.
Option B reverses the intended performance effect. Larger internal GSO and GRO packets reduce repeated stack traversal, lowering CPU utilization and generally improving throughput and latency. Option D is also false: Generic Segmentation Offload and Generic Receive Offload are fundamental to BIG TCP's operation.
Cilium increases their maximum sizes when BIG TCP is enabled. The source mentions TSO, but the documented mechanism is principally described through GSO and GRO.
Official references
Cilium Performance Tuning and BIG TCP
Study Guide topic: BIG TCP, GSO/GRO, packet-length limits, and performance.
NEW QUESTION # 63
Which question does Hubble provide the information to answer?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Hubble provides network and security flow observability derived from Cilium's datapath. Its flow records include source and destination workloads, namespaces, identities, ports, protocols, forwarding verdicts, and drop reasons. Hubble can therefore identify services or workloads whose connections were rejected by network policy. The Hubble CLI supports filtering by verdict, such as --verdict DROPPED , and official examples show events labeled Policy denied DROPPED . These capabilities directly answer the question posed in option D.
Option B, which is marked as correct in the supplied bank, is not supported by the stated functionality.
Hubble may expose network-layer or supported application-layer metadata, including DNS and HTTP information when Layer 7 visibility is configured, but it is not a database query profiler and cannot determine which internal SQL statement ran longest merely from ordinary Hubble flows. Similarly, CPU utilization is a workload-resource metric normally obtained through Kubernetes metrics, Prometheus, or another monitoring system. Cilium BGP configuration is examined through Cilium configuration and BGP status commands rather than inferred from Hubble network flows.
The supplied answer key should therefore be corrected from B to D.
Official references
Inspecting Network Flows with the Hubble CLI ; Hubble internals .
Study Guide topic: Network Observability.
NEW QUESTION # 64
What is correct about this Cilium Network Policy?
Question 21 Cilium Network Policy exhibit
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technical explanation
The intended policy selects every Cilium-managed endpoint in the namespace where the CiliumNetworkPolicy is created because endpointSelector: {} is empty. The manifest does not specify metadata.namespace ; if it is applied normally in the default namespace, the selected endpoints are therefore all pods in default , not pods across every namespace. The egress destination selector identifies pods in kube- system carrying k8s-app: kube-dns , while matchPattern: "*" allows all DNS query names handled by the DNS rule. This supports the intended answer A.
There is, however, a material defect in the exhibit: toPorts is a list in the Cilium policy schema, but the image shows rules directly beneath toPorts without a preceding list marker. The official form is toPorts: , followed by - ports: and rules: within that list item. Port 53 and its protocol should also be stated explicitly. Exactly as displayed, the manifest should not be treated as a valid deployable policy.
The question should be corrected before examination use. Once the missing list item and port definition are restored, A accurately describes its scope and effect.
Official references
Using Kubernetes Constructs in Policy ; Layer 7 Protocol Visibility .
Study Guide topic: Network Policy.
NEW QUESTION # 65
Why is the iptables implementation of kube-proxy less scalable than eBPF?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Technical explanation
B expresses the principal scalability distinction intended by the question. In kube-proxy's iptables mode, Kubernetes Services and endpoints are represented by chains of netfilter rules. As the number of Services and backends grows, rule creation, synchronization, and packet traversal can involve increasingly large rule sets.
Matching through those chains is generally described as having linear scaling characteristics.
Cilium's kube-proxy replacement stores service and backend state in eBPF maps. Hash-map lookups allow the datapath to locate service entries without sequentially scanning a rule for every Service, providing effectively constant-time lookup behavior for the relevant map operations. This makes the approach better suited to large and frequently changing Kubernetes environments.
Option A is false because iptables and netfilter also operate within the Linux kernel. Option C is false because kube-proxy's iptables implementation supports IPv6 when the surrounding Kubernetes and host configuration supports it. Option D does not explain kube-proxy's primary scaling limitation and introduces an unrelated SmartNIC/XDP claim.
The constant-time description is a useful architectural simplification; total performance still depends on map sizing, backend selection, connection tracking, and kernel behavior.
Official references
Cilium eBPF Datapath , Cilium Tuning Guide
Study Guide topic: kube-proxy replacement, eBPF maps, and datapath scalability.
NEW QUESTION # 66
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