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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Applied Cryptography | - PGP and Email Encryption - SSL/TLS Protocols - Cryptographic Best Practices - VPN Security |
| Topic 2: Hashing and Digital Signatures | - Message Authentication Codes (MAC) - Hash Functions (MD5, SHA-1, SHA-256) - Digital Signature Standards |
| Topic 3: Cryptography Fundamentals | - Cryptographic Terminology - History and Evolution of Cryptography - Symmetric vs Asymmetric Encryption |
| Topic 4: Cryptanalysis and Attacks | - Common Attack Vectors - Brute Force and Dictionary Attacks - Social Engineering Prevention |
| Topic 5: Asymmetric Cryptography | - Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange - Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) - Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) - RSA Algorithm |
| Topic 6: Symmetric Cryptography | - Block Ciphers (AES, DES, 3DES) - Initialization Vectors (IV) - Stream Ciphers - Key Management |
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NEW QUESTION # 84
(Which wireless security standard uses an authentication server with 802.1X and EAP?)
Answer: B
Explanation:
802.1X is a port-based network access control framework that enables centralized authentication using an authentication server (commonly RADIUS). EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol) runs within
802.1X to support many credential types (password-based methods like PEAP, certificate-based methods like EAP-TLS, and others). WPA-Enterprise is the wireless security mode that explicitly uses
802.1X + EAP with an authentication server to perform per-user/per-device authentication and to derive dynamic session keys. By contrast, WPA-PSK uses a pre-shared key without an external authentication server; all users share the same PSK, which is weaker for enterprise identity management. WEP is an older mechanism using static keys and does not provide modern 802.1X/EAP enterprise authentication in the WPA-Enterprise sense. TKIP is an encryption/integrity protocol used under WPA, not the full authentication "standard" involving an authentication server. Therefore, the correct choice is WPA-Enterprise.
NEW QUESTION # 85
(What is the value of 51 mod 11?)
Answer: D
Explanation:
The value 51 mod 11 is the remainder after dividing 51 by 11. Modular arithmetic is widely used in cryptography to keep computations within a finite set of residues, such as in RSA where values are taken modulo n, or in Diffie-Hellman where exponents and group elements are reduced modulo a prime. To compute 51 mod 11, find the largest multiple of 11 less than or equal to 51. Multiples of 11 are 11, 22, 33, 44, 55. The closest without exceeding 51 is 44. Subtracting gives 51 # 44 = 7, so the remainder is 7. Therefore, 51 mod 11 = 7, matching option "07." This remainder is always in the range
0 through 10 because the modulus is 11. Such residue computations underpin the "wraparound" behavior that makes modular exponentiation and inverse computations well-defined in cryptographic groups.
NEW QUESTION # 86
(Which cryptographic operation uses a single key?)
Answer: D
Explanation:
Symmetric cryptography uses a single shared secret key for both encryption and decryption. This contrasts with asymmetric cryptography, which uses a key pair (public/private). Symmetric algorithms (like AES, ChaCha20) are efficient and well-suited for bulk data encryption, but they require a secure method for key distribution because both parties must possess the same secret. Hashing is not a keyed operation by default (though HMAC is keyed); it maps arbitrary data to a fixed-size digest and is primarily used for integrity checking, fingerprints, and password hashing constructions. Padding is a data formatting technique (e.g., PKCS#7) used to align plaintext to a block size; it is not a cryptographic "operation" that uses a key. Therefore, the cryptographic operation characterized by using one key shared between parties is symmetric encryption. In real systems, symmetric encryption is frequently combined with asymmetric methods for key exchange and with MACs/AEAD for integrity, producing the standard hybrid approach used in protocols like TLS and IPsec.
NEW QUESTION # 87
(A company wants to use certificates issued by a root CA to demonstrate to customers that it is a legitimate company being hosted by a cloud provider. Who needs to trust the root CA public key?)
Answer: C
Explanation:
In a public key infrastructure, trust in a certificate ultimately depends on the relying party's trust anchor set- typically the root CA certificates preinstalled in a customer's browser/OS trust store. For customers to accept the company's certificate as legitimate, the buyer (customer) must trust the root CA public key (or an intermediate chained to it) so they can validate the certificate chain and signatures. The seller (the company) also must trust and rely on the root CA public key to build and present a valid chain and to make operational decisions based on that CA's issuance and revocation mechanisms; practically, the seller selects a CA whose root is widely trusted by customers. The cloud provider's trust is not what makes the certificate valid to customers; the provider may terminate TLS or pass traffic through, but customer validation is based on the chain to a trusted root. Government agencies like the FTC are not part of the cryptographic trust path for TLS certificate validation. Therefore, among the given options, the correct pairing is the seller and the buyer, reflecting both the issuer selection/usage by the company and the relying-party validation by customers.
NEW QUESTION # 88
(How is Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) commonly utilized in web browsers?)
Answer: C
Explanation:
Web browsers rely on PKI to establish trust in secure connections, primarily through X.509 certificates and a built-in set of trusted root Certificate Authorities (CAs). When a browser connects to an HTTPS site, the server presents a certificate chain. The browser validates that chain up to a trusted root, checks that the certificate is valid for the domain (SAN/CN matching), confirms validity dates, and may check revocation status. This PKI process allows browsers to authenticate the website's identity and negotiate encrypted session keys for TLS, enabling confidentiality and integrity for the connection. In practical terms, the browser' s PKI components include certificate stores, validation logic, and mechanisms for handling intermediates, trust policies, and revocation. While PKI supports authentication as an outcome, the best description of how browsers utilize PKI is that they manage and validate digital certificates and associated keys to establish trust.
PKI is not about compressing messages or encrypting data at rest; it is about identity binding and trust chains that make secure web communication possible.
NEW QUESTION # 89
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