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質問 # 20
Can an FTP protocol be breached?
正解：C
解説：
The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is one of the oldest and most widely used protocols for moving files across a network. However, from a security standpoint, standard FTP is inherently vulnerable because it was designed without security in mind. It transmits all data, including sensitive login credentials (usernames and passwords), in "cleartext". This means that anyone with the ability to "sniff" or intercept the network traffic- using tools like Wireshark-can easily read the credentials as they pass through the network.
A breach of the FTP protocol is highly possible using appropriate techniques such as man-in-the-middle (MITM) attacks, brute-forcing, or exploiting specific vulnerabilities in the FTP server software itself. Because FTP does not use encryption, it provides a massive attack vector for hackers to steal data or gain a foothold in an organization's internal systems. While asking an administrator (Option C) is a form of social engineering, the technical breach refers to the exploitation of the protocol's inherent weaknesses.
To mitigate this attack vector, ethical hacking strategies strongly advocate for the replacement of standard FTP with secure alternatives like SFTP (SSH File Transfer Protocol) or FTPS (FTP over SSL/TLS). These protocols encrypt both the credentials and the data being transferred, rendering intercepted information unreadable. In a professional penetration test, checking for open FTP ports and attempting to sniff traffic or use default credentials are standard procedures to demonstrate the risk of using legacy, unencrypted protocols in a modern network environment.
質問 # 21
What is a passive recognition?
正解：B
解説：
Passive recognition (or passive reconnaissance) is the foundational phase of any ethical hacking or penetration testing engagement. Its primary objective is to collect as much intelligence as possible about a target while remaining completely undetectable. The hallmark of a passive approach is that itnever involves direct interactionwith the target's infrastructure. By avoiding the transmission of packets directly to the target's servers, the attacker or tester ensures that no logs are generated and no intrusion detection systems (IDS) or firewalls are triggered.
Instead, ethical hackers leverageOpen-Source Intelligence (OSINT)and third-party data sources. Common techniques include:
* WHOIS and DNS Lookups: Querying public registries to find domain ownership, administrative contacts, and subdomains.
* Social Media Analysis: Scraping platforms like LinkedIn or Twitter to identify key employees, their roles, and potential technologies used by the firm.
* Search Engine Probing: Using "Google Dorking" to find exposed documents, metadata, or forgotten directories that might contain software version numbers or usernames.
* Analyzing Public Databases: Checking repositories like GitHub for leaked source code or credentials.
The primary advantage of passive recognition is stealth; it allows a penetration tester to map a target's
"footprint" without alerting security teams to an impending assessment. While the data gathered passively may occasionally be less precise than that obtained through active probing (like port scanning), it provides a low-risk way to identify broad vulnerabilities and potential entry points. It is a critical step in building a comprehensive picture of a target's security landscape before moving into more intrusive phases.
質問 # 22
What is a private IP?
正解：B
解説：
A private IP address is a fundamental element of network architecture used to enable communication between devices within a local network, such as a home, office, or enterprise environment. Unlike public IP addresses, which are globally unique and assigned by Internet Service Providers (ISPs) to identify a specific gateway to the internet, private IP addresses are reserved for internal use only. They are not routable on the public internet, which means a device with a private IP cannot be directly accessed by an outside computer without passing through a router or firewall.
The use of private IPs is governed by standards like RFC 1918, which defines specific ranges of addresses for private use, such as 192.168.x.x, 10.x.x.x, and 172.16.x.x through 172.31.x.x. This system allows thousands of devices on a local network to share a single public IP address through a process called Network Address Translation (NAT). This not only conserves the limited supply of IPv4 addresses but also provides a basic layer of security, as internal devices are effectively "hidden" from the public web.
For an ethical hacker, understanding the distinction between public and private IPs is crucial during the reconnaissance and scanning phases of a penetration test. During an internal pentest, the researcher will be working almost exclusively with private IPs to map out the organization's servers, workstations, and printers.
In contrast, an external pentest focuses on the public IP of the organization's perimeter. Identifying a device's private IP can reveal its role in the network and help a tester understand the internal topology. Because private IPs are the "language" of local communication, securing the internal network involves ensuring that these private addresses are not being leaked or "spoofed" to gain unauthorized access to sensitive internal resources.
質問 # 23
What is malware?
正解：A
解説：
Malware, short for "malicious software," is a broad category of software specifically engineered to perform unauthorized and often harmful actions on a computer system, network, or device. Its primary characteristic is that it operateswithout the owner's consent. Malware is the primary tool used by cybercriminals to achieve various objectives, ranging from financial gain to corporate espionage and simple disruption.
Malware encompasses several distinct types, each with its own method of infection and goal:
* Viruses and Worms: Designed to spread from one file or computer to another, often damaging data or consuming network bandwidth along the way.
* Trojan Horses: Programs that disguise themselves as legitimate software to trick users into installing them, only to reveal a malicious "payload" once active.
* Ransomware: Encrypts the victim's data and demands payment for the decryption key.
* Spyware and Stealers: Secretly monitor user activity or steal sensitive information like passwords and credit card numbers.
* Rootkits: Specialized malware designed to provide high-level "root" access while remaining hidden from the operating system and antivirus software.
Ethical hackers study malware to understand how to defend against it. This involves analyzing "Attack Vectors" (how malware enters a system), "Persistence Mechanisms" (how it stays there), and "Command and Control" (how it communicates with the attacker). Protecting against malware requires a multi-layered defense strategy, including updated antivirus software, strictAcceptable Use Policies (AUP), and regular vulnerability scanning to close the gaps that malware exploits to infect systems.
質問 # 24
What is a public IP?
正解：B
解説：
A public IP address is a fundamental element of the global internet infrastructure, serving as a unique identifier for a device or network gateway on the public web. These addresses are assigned by Internet Service Providers (ISPs) to their customers. Unlike private IP addresses, which are used for internal communication within a local network (like your home or office Wi-Fi), a public IP is globally unique and routable across the entire internet.
In the context of information security, the public IP represents the "front door" of an organization's digital presence. It is the address that external servers, websites, and hackers see when a connection is made. For example, when an ethical hacker performs an "External Penetration Test," they are targeting the organization' s public IP to see what services (like web servers or VPN gateways) are exposed to the world.
Understanding the difference between a public IP and a private IP is crucial for managing security perimeters.
While a modem or router might assign private IPs to internal devices (Option B), the router itself holds the public IP assigned by the ISP to communicate with the rest of the world. Protecting the public IP involve using firewalls and intrusion prevention systems to ensure that only legitimate traffic is allowed into the internal network. Because this address is visible to everyone, it is often the first point of contact for reconnaissance activities like port scanning or Google Dorking, making it a vital element to monitor and secure.
質問 # 25
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