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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Network Policy | 18% | - Policy Rules and Enforcement - Identity-Based Network Security |
| Architecture | 20% | - IP Address Management and Datapath Models - Cilium Architecture and Components |
| Network Observability | 10% | - Hubble CLI and UI - Hubble and Layer 7 Visibility |
| BGP and External Networking | 6% | - Connecting Cilium Clusters to External Networks - Egress Connectivity |
| eBPF | 10% | - eBPF and iptables-Based Networking - eBPF Role and Benefits |
| Installation and Configuration | 10% | - Installation and Connectivity Testing - Cilium CLI and Configuration |
| Service Mesh | 16% | - Ingress and Gateway API - Traffic Encryption and Service Mesh Architectures |
| Cluster Mesh | 10% | - Multi-Cluster Connectivity - Service Discovery and Load Balancing |
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NEW QUESTION # 10
What is true about Layer 7 protocol visibility in Cilium?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Layer 7 protocol visibility redirects traffic matching the relevant L7 rules to Cilium's node-local proxy, which is Envoy. Envoy parses supported application protocols and supplies the resulting request or response metadata to Cilium's observability pipeline. Therefore, C correctly identifies the architectural consequence of enabling this visibility.
The feature requires L7 proxy support and an appropriate CiliumNetworkPolicy containing Layer 7 rules. A standard Kubernetes NetworkPolicy is limited to Layer 3 and Layer 4 concepts and cannot express Cilium's HTTP, DNS, or generic application-protocol rules, so B is incorrect.
A is also incorrect. DNS policy and visibility are commonly applied to pod egress queries, and Cilium's model is not restricted to ingress-only DNS visibility. D overstates protocol coverage. Cilium supports defined L7 parsers and policy types-most prominently HTTP, DNS, Kafka, and supported generic Envoy- based protocols-but it does not promise arbitrary visibility for every application protocol. SSH, Telnet, and FTP cannot simply be assumed to receive native semantic parsing.
An operational caveat is that L7 visibility rules also affect policy enforcement: they are not merely passive packet logging instructions.
Official references
Layer 7 Protocol Visibility , Cilium Envoy
Study Guide topic: L7 proxy redirection, CiliumNetworkPolicy, protocol parsing, and Hubble visibility.
NEW QUESTION # 11
If you are required to block ingress traffic from external IPs for all pods in your cluster, which of the following network policies would be the best fit?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Technical explanation
A cluster-wide requirement is best implemented with CiliumClusterwideNetworkPolicy , whose correct resource spelling is CiliumClusterwideNetworkPolicy . Unlike a namespaced CiliumNetworkPolicy , this Cilium CRD is non-namespaced and can select endpoints across the entire cluster.
To deny external ingress for every Cilium-managed pod, a cluster-wide policy can use an empty endpointSelector and an ingressDeny rule selecting the world entity. Cilium defines world as network endpoints outside the cluster. An alternative allow-list construction can permit only the cluster entity, thereby excluding external sources, but an explicit deny rule usually communicates the requirement more directly.
A standard Kubernetes NetworkPolicy and a CiliumNetworkPolicy are namespaced, requiring repeated resources in every applicable namespace. CiliumGlobalPolicy is not a valid Cilium resource type. Although the option capitalizes "Wide" differently from the actual kind, D unmistakably identifies the intended cluster- scoped policy.
Official references
Cilium Deny Policies , Cilium Network Policy Types
Study Guide topic: Cluster-scoped policies, external traffic, and reserved entities.
NEW QUESTION # 12
What is the correct statement about the masquerading feature?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Masquerading performs source network address translation for qualifying traffic that leaves the cluster.
Because pod addresses are often private and not routable by the external network, Cilium replaces the pod's source address with an address belonging to the egress node. Return traffic can then reach that node, which reverses the translation and delivers the response to the originating pod. B correctly summarizes this behavior.
Masquerading is a form of SNAT, not DNAT. DNAT modifies the destination address, commonly to direct incoming traffic toward another endpoint, so C is incorrect.
Cilium documents its eBPF-based masquerading implementation as the more efficient implementation. The iptables version is the legacy alternative, making A false. Conversely, eBPF masquerading depends on appropriate kernel eBPF capabilities and Cilium's BPF NodePort functionality. It cannot be assumed to work on every kernel version, so D is false. The legacy iptables implementation is the mode documented as broadly working across kernel versions.
Cilium can exclude natively routable CIDRs from masquerading, and administrators may configure separate IPv4 and IPv6 masquerading behavior.
Official references
Cilium Masquerading , Cilium System Requirements
Study Guide topic: SNAT, native-routing exclusions, and eBPF versus iptables masquerading.
NEW QUESTION # 13
After enabling Layer 7 visibility, you can now observe DNS domains and FQDN in your Hubble logs, like the one below.
Nov 16 13:52:07.279: endor/xwing-9bd8f454d-m46mm:34706 (ID:3817) < > example.com:443 (ID:
16777217) Policy denied DROPPED (TCP Flags SYN)
Which of these Hubble CLI commands could have returned the output above?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Technical explanation
A is clearly the intended answer because its filters correspond to the displayed source namespace ( endor ), destination port ( 443 ), and verdict ( DROPPED ). However, it contains example.con , whereas the observed flow names example.com . Therefore, none of the options would literally return this exact flow if the FQDN filter is matched as written. The corrected command is:
hubble observe --to-fqdn example.com --from-namespace endor --to-port 443 --verdict DROPPED Option B is malformed in two additional places and filters port 80 rather than 443. Option C selects the wrong FQDN and source namespace. Option D requests forwarded flows, directly contradicting the Policy denied DROPPED verdict; its wildcard also does not repair the verdict mismatch.
Hubble's observe filters are cumulative: a returned flow must satisfy the specified destination FQDN, originating namespace, destination port, and verdict. Layer 7 visibility is enabled with a Cilium network policy containing the relevant L7 rules, which redirects selected traffic through the proxy so that application- level details can be reported.
Official references
Inspecting Network Flows with the Hubble CLI , Layer 7 Protocol Visibility Study Guide topic: Hubble flow filtering, FQDN visibility, namespaces, ports, and verdicts.
NEW QUESTION # 14
Which of these observability features is NOT supported by Hubble?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Hubble does not obtain Layer 7 protocol visibility exclusively through eBPF without a proxy. By default, Cilium's datapath exposes Layer 3 and Layer 4 flow information. To produce supported application-layer events, traffic is selected through an L7 Cilium policy and redirected to the node-local Envoy proxy. Envoy parses the application protocol and forwards access-log information that Cilium and Hubble expose as Layer
7 flow events.
The other capabilities are supported. Hubble flow records contain the observing node, and the CLI provides node-based filtering. HTTP-aware flows can contain response status codes, enabling inspection or filtering for results such as 200 and 404. Hubble also records forwarding verdicts and drop reasons. Operators can filter for DROPPED traffic and distinguish policy-denied connections from forwarded traffic and other failure conditions.
This separation is fundamental to Cilium's architecture: eBPF provides efficient kernel-level forwarding, security enforcement, and L3/L4 observability, while Envoy supplies protocol parsing when request-level context is required. The integration remains transparent to applications, but the proxy is still present in the traffic path for Layer 7 visibility.
Therefore, B describes the unsupported mechanism and is the correct answer.
Official references
Layer 7 Protocol Visibility ; Envoy ; Hubble CLI .
Study Guide topic: Network Observability.
NEW QUESTION # 15
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