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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Applied Cryptography | - PGP and Email Encryption - SSL/TLS Protocols - VPN Security - Cryptographic Best Practices |
| Topic 2: Cryptography Fundamentals | - Symmetric vs Asymmetric Encryption - History and Evolution of Cryptography - Cryptographic Terminology |
| Topic 3: Cryptanalysis and Attacks | - Common Attack Vectors - Brute Force and Dictionary Attacks - Social Engineering Prevention |
| Topic 4: Symmetric Cryptography | - Key Management - Block Ciphers (AES, DES, 3DES) - Initialization Vectors (IV) - Stream Ciphers |
| Topic 5: Asymmetric Cryptography | - Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange - Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) - RSA Algorithm - Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) |
| Topic 6: Hashing and Digital Signatures | - Hash Functions (MD5, SHA-1, SHA-256) - Message Authentication Codes (MAC) - Digital Signature Standards |
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NEW QUESTION # 23
(What is the value of 51 mod 11?)
Answer: D
Explanation:
The value 51 mod 11 is the remainder after dividing 51 by 11. Modular arithmetic is widely used in cryptography to keep computations within a finite set of residues, such as in RSA where values are taken modulo n, or in Diffie-Hellman where exponents and group elements are reduced modulo a prime. To compute 51 mod 11, find the largest multiple of 11 less than or equal to 51. Multiples of 11 are 11, 22, 33, 44,
55. The closest without exceeding 51 is 44. Subtracting gives 51 # 44 = 7, so the remainder is 7. Therefore, 51 mod 11 = 7, matching option "07." This remainder is always in the range 0 through 10 because the modulus is
11. Such residue computations underpin the "wraparound" behavior that makes modular exponentiation and inverse computations well-defined in cryptographic groups.
NEW QUESTION # 24
(How does adding salt to a password improve security?)
Answer: A
Explanation:
A salt is a unique, random value stored alongside a password hash and combined with the password during hashing. Its main security benefit is that it ensures identical passwords do not produce identical hashes across different accounts or systems. If two users choose the same password, their stored hashes will differ because their salts differ, which directly prevents attackers from spotting shared passwords by comparing hashes. Salts also defeat precomputation attacks such as rainbow tables, because an attacker would need to regenerate tables for each possible salt value-a task that becomes infeasible when salts are large and unique per password. Salt does not enforce password complexity rules (that's a policy/validation function), does not guarantee users choose different passwords, and does not prevent password reuse across sites. The correct statement is that salt makes the resulting hash different even for the same password, improving resistance to offline cracking at scale and eliminating the "same hash
= same password" shortcut attackers rely on.
NEW QUESTION # 25
(How are limits managed for the number of bitcoins that can be created and stored in a blockchain?)
Answer: B
Explanation:
Bitcoin's supply is controlled by protocol rules enforced by consensus: new bitcoins enter circulation through the block subsidy awarded to miners for producing valid blocks. This subsidy is programmed to halve at fixed intervals (every 210,000 blocks), which steadily reduces the rate of new coin creation over time and asymptotically approaches a capped total supply (commonly cited as 21 million BTC).
This mechanism is often called the halving schedule and is the primary way limits are managed. The number of participants is not fixed; anyone can run a node or mine. There is no per-country cap and no per-person maximum enforced by the protocol-addresses and ownership are not limited that way. The supply cap emerges from the decreasing issuance schedule combined with consensus validation rules that reject blocks creating coins beyond what the schedule allows. Therefore, the correct answer is that limits are managed because rewards for mining reduce over time.
NEW QUESTION # 26
(A security analyst is using 3DES for data encryption. Which 3DES key size is valid?)
Answer: A
Explanation:
3DES (Triple DES) applies the DES block cipher three times to increase effective security, and its commonly cited valid key sizes correspond to how many independent DES keys are used. Two-key
3DES uses two 56-bit DES keys (K1 and K2) in an EDE sequence (Encrypt with K1, Decrypt with K2, Encrypt with K1), yielding 112 bits of keying material (ignoring parity bits). Three-key 3DES uses three independent 56-bit keys for a total of 168 bits of keying material, but that option is not listed here.
A 56-bit key corresponds to single DES, not 3DES. 128-bit is associated with AES, not 3DES. 2,048-bit is typical for RSA keys, not symmetric ciphers. Therefore, among the choices provided, 112-bit is a valid 3DES key size. While 3DES is now deprecated for many uses due to its 64-bit block size and performance limitations, understanding its keying options remains important for legacy system assessment.
NEW QUESTION # 27
(What is the Enigma machine known for in the history of cryptography?)
Answer: C
Explanation:
The Enigma machine is historically known as an electro-mechanical cipher device used primarily by Nazi Germany to secure military and diplomatic communications during World War II. It implemented a polyalphabetic substitution through a system of rotors, a reflector, and a plugboard, producing a large number of possible daily key settings. Operators would configure rotor order, ring settings, initial positions, and plugboard swaps, then type messages to generate ciphertext. Enigma's operational security depended heavily on correct procedures and secrecy of keys; weaknesses in procedures and design properties, combined with brilliant cryptanalysis and engineering efforts by Allied codebreakers (notably at Bletchley Park), enabled large-scale decryption of Enigma-encrypted traffic. In cryptography history, Enigma represents the transition from manual ciphers to machine-assisted encryption and demonstrates how both mathematics and operational practices determine real-world security. It is not simply an "algorithm" in the modern software sense, and it is not a decryption method or email encryption tool. Therefore, the correct description is that it was a device used for secure communication during WWII.
NEW QUESTION # 28
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