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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Business Intelligence and Analytics | - Data Mining Concepts - Predictive Analytics Basics - Dashboards and Reporting - Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) |
| Topic 2: Data-Driven Culture and Communication | - Stakeholder Communication - Presenting Data Insights - Ethical Considerations in Data Use - Building Data-Informed Organizations |
| Topic 3: Data Analysis Fundamentals | - Data Quality and Cleaning - Descriptive Statistics - Data Types and Measurement Scales - Data Visualization Techniques |
| Topic 4: Decision-Making Frameworks | - Evidence-Based Decision Making - Risk Analysis and Assessment - Cost-Benefit Analysis - Rational Decision Models |
>> Data-Driven-Decision-Making復習攻略問題 <<
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質問 # 57
A researcher seeks to pass a bond issue and asks a sample of respondents who have a bachelor's degree if they are voting in favor of the bond because it would be beneficial to the county.
Which type of error does this represent?
正解：D
解説：
This scenario represents **selection bias**, which occurs when a sample is not representative of the population being studied. In data-driven decision making, valid conclusions depend on collecting data from a sample that accurately reflects the broader population.
By surveying only respondents with a bachelor's degree, the researcher systematically excludes other segments of the population who may have different opinions about the bond issue. Educational attainment may influence voting behavior, making the sample biased toward a particular viewpoint. As a result, the findings cannot be generalized to the entire voting population.
While the wording of the question may be persuasive, the primary statistical error is the **non-random and restricted selection of respondents**. Response bias relates to how participants answer questions, whereas this issue arises before responses are even collected. Faulty operationalization and confusion of causality are not applicable here.
Data-driven decision making stresses ethical sampling practices to avoid misleading conclusions. Therefore, the correct answer is **D**, selection bias.
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質問 # 58
Which term describes a response that appears the greatest number of times compared to other responses in a survey?
正解：B
解説：
Themodeis the value that appears most frequently in a dataset. In data-driven decision making, it is particularly useful for analyzing categorical or discrete survey data.
The median represents the middle value, the mean is the average, and outliers are extreme values. Because the question asks for the most frequently occurring response, the correct answer isA, mode.
質問 # 59
What is a disadvantage of a key performance indicator (KPI)?
正解：A
解説：
A key performance indicator is useful because it provides a measurable way to track progress toward a goal, but one disadvantage is that it often focuses only on quantitative measures. This can be limiting because not every important aspect of organizational performance is easily captured in numerical form. For example, employee morale, trust, innovation culture, and relationship quality may be highly important but difficult to represent fully through a KPI. When managers rely too heavily on numerical indicators alone, they may overlook meaningful qualitative context or encourage behavior aimed at improving the metric rather than improving the underlying process. The other choices are less accurate. A KPI does not only indicate statistically significant change, and it does not inherently make data-driven measurement difficult. It can be used for both short-term and long-term objectives depending on design. The real weakness is that a KPI may oversimplify performance by emphasizing what can be counted rather than everything that matters. Therefore, the correct answer is that it only accounts for quantitative measures.
質問 # 60
Which type of study is also known as a quasi-experimental study?
正解：D
解説：
A **quasi-experimental study** is commonly referred to as an **observational study** in data-driven decision making. Unlike true experiments, quasi-experimental studies do not involve random assignment of subjects to treatment and control groups. Instead, researchers observe outcomes in naturally occurring groups and attempt to draw conclusions about relationships between variables.
In observational studies, the researcher does not control the assignment of treatments. As a result, these studies are more susceptible to bias and confounding variables than randomized experiments. However, they are often necessary when controlled experimentation is impractical, unethical, or too costly. For example, studying the impact of policy changes or economic conditions typically relies on observational data.
Blind studies are a form of experimental design used to reduce bias, hypothesis testing is a statistical process rather than a study type, and content validity refers to measurement quality. None of these represent quasi- experimental designs.
In data-driven decision making, observational (quasi-experimental) studies are valuable for identifying associations and generating insights, but analysts must be cautious not to infer causality without proper controls. Therefore, the correct answer is **A**.
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質問 # 61
Which analytic used in healthcare is calculated as a proportion of new cases compared to person-time units?
正解：B
解説：
Theincidence rateis a healthcare analytic calculated as the number ofnew casesof a condition divided by person-time units at risk. In data-driven decision making, this metric is essential for understanding how quickly new cases occur within a population over time.
Person-time accounts for both the number of individuals and the duration they are observed, making the incidence rate particularly useful when populations are dynamic or when observation periods vary. This distinguishes incidence rate from cumulative incidence, which measures new cases over a fixed population and time period without person-time adjustment.
Prevalence measures existing cases at a point in time, and morbidity is a broader term describing illness burden rather than a specific rate calculation.
Because the question explicitly referencesnew cases compared to person-time units, the correct answer isB, incidence rate.
質問 # 62
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