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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Minimizing Microservice Vulnerabilities | 20% | - Container isolation and security contexts - Pod security standards |
| Monitoring, Logging and Runtime Security | 15% | - Runtime threat detection - Audit logging and monitoring |
| Cluster Setup | 15% | - Secure installation configuration - Hardening cluster components |
| System Hardening | 15% | - Kernel and node security configuration - Host security controls |
| Cluster Hardening | 15% | - Authentication and authorization - API server security |
| Supply Chain Security | 20% | - Image scanning and verification - Secure CI/CD practices |
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23. Frage
SIMULATION
Documentation Namespace, NetworkPolicy, Pod
You must connect to the correct host . Failure to do so may result in a zero score.
[candidate@base] $ ssh cks000031
Context
You must implement NetworkPolicies controlling the traffic flow of existing Deployments across namespaces.
Task
First, create a NetworkPolicy named deny-policy in the prod namespace to block all ingress traffic.
The prod namespace is labeled env:prod
Next, create a NetworkPolicy named allow-from-prod in the data namespace to allow ingress traffic only from Pods in the prod namespace.
Use the label of the prod names & Click to copy traffic.
The data namespace is labeled env:data
Do not modify or delete any namespaces or Pods . Only create the required NetworkPolicies.
Antwort:
Begründung:
See the Explanation below for complete solution
Explanation:
1) Connect to the correct host
ssh cks000031
sudo -i
2) Use admin kubeconfig (safe default)
export KUBECONFIG=/etc/kubernetes/admin.conf
PART A - Deny ALL ingress traffic in prod namespace
Requirement:
NetworkPolicy name: deny-policy
Namespace: prod (namespace is labeled env=prod)
Effect: block all ingress
3) Create deny-policy in prod
Create the policy directly with kubectl (fastest & safest):
cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f -
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: NetworkPolicy
metadata:
name: deny-policy
namespace: prod
spec:
podSelector: {}
policyTypes:
- Ingress
EOF
✅ What this does:
podSelector: {} → selects all Pods in prod
No ingress: rules → deny all ingress traffic
4) Verify
kubectl -n prod get networkpolicy deny-policy
PART B - Allow ingress to data ONLY from Pods in prod
Requirement:
NetworkPolicy name: allow-from-prod
Namespace: data (namespace is labeled env=data)
Allow ingress only from Pods in prod namespace
Use namespace label (env=prod)
5) Create allow-from-prod policy in data
cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f -
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: NetworkPolicy
metadata:
name: allow-from-prod
namespace: data
spec:
podSelector: {}
policyTypes:
- Ingress
ingress:
- from:
- namespaceSelector:
matchLabels:
env: prod
EOF
✅ What this does:
Applies to all Pods in data
Allows ingress only from namespaces labeled env=prod
All other ingress traffic is denied by default
6) Verify
kubectl -n data get networkpolicy allow-from-prod
FINAL CHECK (What the examiner expects)
kubectl get networkpolicy -n prod
kubectl get networkpolicy -n data
You should see:
deny-policy in prod
allow-from-prod in data
24. Frage
Use the kubesec docker images to scan the given YAML manifest, edit and apply the advised changes, and passed with a score of 4 points.
kubesec-test.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: kubesec-demo
spec:
containers:
- name: kubesec-demo
image: gcr.io/google-samples/node-hello:1.0
securityContext:
readOnlyRootFilesystem: true
Hint: docker run -i kubesec/kubesec:512c5e0 scan /dev/stdin < kubesec-test.yaml
Antwort:
Begründung:
kubesec scan k8s-deployment.yaml
cat <<EOF > kubesec-test.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: kubesec-demo
spec:
containers:
- name: kubesec-demo
image: gcr.io/google-samples/node-hello:1.0
securityContext:
readOnlyRootFilesystem: true
EOF
kubesec scan kubesec-test.yaml
docker run -i kubesec/kubesec:512c5e0 scan /dev/stdin < kubesec-test.yaml kubesec http 8080 &
[1] 12345
{"severity":"info","timestamp":"2019-05-12T11:58:34.662+0100","caller":"server/server.go:69","message":"Starting HTTP server on port 8080"} curl -sSX POST --data-binary @test/asset/score-0-cap-sys-admin.yml http://localhost:8080/scan
[
{
"object": "Pod/security-context-demo.default",
"valid": true,
"message": "Failed with a score of -30 points",
"score": -30,
"scoring": {
"critical": [
{
"selector": "containers[] .securityContext .capabilities .add == SYS_ADMIN",
"reason": "CAP_SYS_ADMIN is the most privileged capability and should always be avoided"
},
{
"selector": "containers[] .securityContext .runAsNonRoot == true",
"reason": "Force the running image to run as a non-root user to ensure least privilege"
},
// ...
25. Frage
You are running a Kubernetes cluster that hosts several sensitive applications. You have implemented AppArmor and Seccomp profiles to restrict the system calls and resources that containers can access. However, you want to ensure a more comprehensive and automated way to enforce security policies across the cluster. How would you leverage Kubernetes Admission Controllers to achieve this, and how would you design a custom Admission Controller to implement your security policies?
Antwort:
Begründung:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Understand Admission Controllers: Admission Controllers are plugins that act as gatekeepers for Kubernetes. They intercept requests to the Kubernetes API server (like creating Pods, Deployments, etc.) and can modify or reject them based on defined rules.
2. Design a Custom Admission Controller: You can create a custom Admission Controller using the Kubernetes API, the 'kube-apiserver' command, or using libraries like 'admission-webhook-client-go' in Go.
- Define the Admission Policy: Determine the security policies you want to enforce. This could include:
- Seccomp Profile Validation Ensure that all containers have a valid Seccomp profile applied.
- AppArmor Profile Enforcement: Ensure that all containers have the correct AppArmor profile applied.
- Network Policy Compliance: Check if all Pods adhere to defined NetworkPolicies.
- Resource Limits: Ensure tnat all containers have appropriate resource limits set.
- Implement the Validation Logic: Within your custom Admission Controller, implement the logic to:
- Parse the incoming Kubernetes resource (e.g., Pod, Deployment, etc.).
- Verify if the resource conforms to your security policies.
- Modify the resource (if necessary) or reject the request if the resource violates the policies.
- Create an Admission Webhook: Set up an Admission Webh00k to communicate with your custom Admission Controller. The webhook Will be a
server that the Kubernetes API server Will communicate with to validate the incoming requests.
3. Configure Kubernetes:
- Enable Admission Webhooks: Make sure you have enabled the 'AdmissionWebhook' feature in your Kubernetes cluster.
- Configure the Webhook: Add the webhook configuration to your 'kube-apiserver' configuration, pointing it to your Admission Controller server.
4. Deploy and Test: Deploy your custom Admission Controller. You can test its functionality by creating Pods that violate your security policies. The Admission Controller should reject the request, preventing the deployment of those Pods.
5. Example Implementation using Admission Webhook Client Go:
- Note: This is a basic outline- You would need to implement the actual validation logic based on your specific security policies. 6. Benefits: - Centralized Enforcement: Your security policies are entorced at the Kubemetes API level, ensuring consistency across the cluster. - Automation: Automated validation and enforcement ot security policies simplifies security management. - Flexibility: You can create custom Admission Controllers to address specific security needs in your cluster.
26. Frage
You are managing a Kubernetes cluster With several applications running within pods. Your security policy mandates that all pods should run with the 'privileged' flag set to 'false' , while allowing a few pods to run with privileged access for specific tasks. How would you implement this policy by leveraging the Kubernetes security best practices?
Antwort:
Begründung:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Create a Security Context Constraint (SCC): Create a new SCC named 'non-privileged-sce with the following configuration:
- 'allowPrivilegeEscalation': 'false' (Prevents pods from elevating privileges even if they run with privileged containers)
- 'privileged': 'false' (Disallows containers from running with privileged access)
- 'runAsLJser': ' 1000' (Assigns a specific non-root user ID for containers)
- 'readOnlyRootFilesystem': 'true' (Prevents containers from modifying the host's root filesystem)
- 'seccompProfile': 'localhost/unconfined' (Specifies a seccomp profile for restricting system calls)
2. Apply the SCC: Apply the SCC using 'kuoectl apply -f non-privileged-scc.yaml 3. Create a Second SCC for Privileged Pods: Create a new SCC named 'privileged-sce with the following configuratiom - 'allowPrivilegeEscalation': 'trues - 'privileged': 'true' - 'runAsuser': - 'readOnlyRootFilesystem': 'false' - 'seccompprofile': 'localhost/unconfined'
4. Apply the Privileged SCC: Apply the SCC using 'kubectl apply -f privileged-scc.yaml 5. Update Your Deployment Configurations: - For deployments requiring privileged access, include 'securityContext.securityContextConstraints: privileged-sce within the pod specification. - For all other deployments, include 'securityContext.securityContextConstraints: non-prjvileged-scc' within the pod specification.
6. Restrict Access to SCCs: You can funer enhance security by configuring which users or service accounts can use each SCC. This can be done by using Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) to grant permissions to specific user accounts or service accounts for the SCCs.
This approach ensures that the majority of pods operate with minimal privileges, enhancing security, while allowing a few essential deployments to run with elevated access. Remember to constantly review and update your security policies as your cluster and applications evolve.
27. Frage
You are managing a Kubernetes cluster with a deployment named 'web-app' that runs multiple pods. These pods access a database hosted on a separate Kubernetes service named 'database-service'. You need to ensure that the pods can only connect to the database service and are restricted from accessing other services in the cluster.
Antwort:
Begründung:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Create a Network Policy:
- Create a Network Policy YAML file named 'web-app-policy.yaml with the following content
2. Apply the Network Policy: - Apply the policy using Skubectl apply -f web-app-policy.yamr 3. Verify the Network Policy: - Check the status of the Network Policy using 'kubectl get networkpolicieS to confirm that it has been applied. 4. Test the Connectivity: - Try to access the database service from a pod in the 'web-apps deployment. - Attempt to access other services from the same pod. - You should only be able to access the 'database-service' due to the Network Policy restrictions.
28. Frage
......
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