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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Symmetric Encryption | - AES and legacy algorithms (e.g., DES conceptually) - Block and stream ciphers |
| Hash Functions and Message Authentication | - Cryptographic hash functions (e.g., SHA family concepts) - MAC and HMAC mechanisms |
| Cryptographic Protocols and Applications | - Secure communication design principles - TLS/SSL conceptual overview |
| Key Management and PKI | - Key exchange and lifecycle management - Certificates, certificate authorities, and PKI structure |
| Asymmetric Encryption | - Public key cryptography principles - RSA and ECC fundamentals |
| Foundations of Cryptography | - Historical and modern cryptography principles - Core concepts of confidentiality, integrity, authentication, non-repudiation |
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NEW QUESTION # 15
(An organization wants to digitally sign its software to guarantee the integrity of its source code. Which key should the customer use to decrypt the digest of the source code?)
Answer: B
Explanation:
When software is digitally signed, the organization computes a cryptographic hash (digest) of the software (or its manifest) and then signs that digest using the organization's private key. Verification works in the opposite direction: the customer (verifier) uses the organization's public key to validate the signature and recover/confirm the signed digest, then independently hashes the received software and compares the result. If the digests match and the signature validates under the public key, the customer has strong assurance that the software has not been altered since it was signed and that it was signed by the holder of the corresponding private key. The customer never needs the organization's private key-sharing it would destroy security and enable forgery. Likewise, the customer's own keys are irrelevant to verifying the publisher's signature. The organization's public key is typically delivered inside a certificate chain (code signing certificate) so the verifier can also validate publisher identity and trust. Therefore, the customer uses the organization's public key for signature verification (often described as "decrypting" the signed digest).
NEW QUESTION # 16
(A company wants to use certificates issued by a root CA to demonstrate to customers that it is a legitimate company being hosted by a cloud provider. Who needs to trust the root CA public key?)
Answer: A
Explanation:
In a public key infrastructure, trust in a certificate ultimately depends on the relying party's trust anchor set-typically the root CA certificates preinstalled in a customer's browser/OS trust store. For customers to accept the company's certificate as legitimate, the buyer (customer) must trust the root CA public key (or an intermediate chained to it) so they can validate the certificate chain and signatures. The seller (the company) also must trust and rely on the root CA public key to build and present a valid chain and to make operational decisions based on that CA's issuance and revocation mechanisms; practically, the seller selects a CA whose root is widely trusted by customers. The cloud provider's trust is not what makes the certificate valid to customers; the provider may terminate TLS or pass traffic through, but customer validation is based on the chain to a trusted root. Government agencies like the FTC are not part of the cryptographic trust path for TLS certificate validation.
Therefore, among the given options, the correct pairing is the seller and the buyer, reflecting both the issuer selection/usage by the company and the relying-party validation by customers.
NEW QUESTION # 17
(Which regulation requires organizations to implement strong encryption measures to protect credit card data?)
Answer: B
Explanation:
For protecting credit card data, the primary compliance framework is PCI DSS (Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard). PCI DSS is an industry standard created by major card brands and administered through the PCI Security Standards Council. It sets requirements for organizations that store, process, or transmit cardholder data, including controls around network security, access control, monitoring, and cryptography.
PCI DSS explicitly addresses encryption and protection of cardholder data (for example, protecting stored cardholder data and encrypting transmission over open, public networks, and using strong cryptography and secure protocols). CCPA and GDPR are privacy regulations focused on personal data rights and governance, and while they may encourage security measures, they are not specifically the card-industry security standard for payment data. HIPAA applies to protected health information, not payment card data. Therefore, the correct answer is PCI DSS.
NEW QUESTION # 18
(Which component is used to verify the integrity of a message?)
Answer: A
Explanation:
HMAC (Hash-based Message Authentication Code) is a standard mechanism used to verify both integrity and authenticity of a message when two parties share a secret key. It combines a cryptographic hash function (such as SHA-256) with a secret key in a structured way that resists common attacks on naive keyed-hash constructions. The sender computes an HMAC tag over the message and transmits the message plus tag. The receiver recomputes the HMAC using the same shared secret key and compares the result; if the tag matches, the receiver can be confident the message was not modified in transit and that it came from someone who knows the shared key. AES is an encryption algorithm primarily providing confidentiality; it can provide integrity only when used in authenticated modes (e.g., GCM) but "AES" alone is not the integrity component. An IV helps randomize encryption but does not validate integrity. TKIP is a legacy WLAN protocol component, not the general integrity verifier. Therefore, the correct component for verifying message integrity among the options is HMAC.
NEW QUESTION # 19
(What is the value of 23 mod 6?)
Answer: C
Explanation:
The expression 23 mod 6 asks for the remainder when 23 is divided by 6. Modular arithmetic is foundational in cryptography, especially in public-key systems (RSA, Diffie-Hellman, ECC) where operations occur in finite rings or fields. To compute 23 mod 6, identify the largest multiple of 6 that does not exceed 23. Multiples of 6 are 6, 12, 18, 24. Since 24 is greater than 23, the largest valid multiple is 18. Subtract: 23 # 18 = 5, so the remainder is 5. Therefore, 23 mod 6 = 5, which corresponds to option
"05." Modular reduction keeps numbers within a fixed range (0 to modulus#1), enabling stable arithmetic under wraparound behavior. In cryptographic protocols, this wraparound property is essential for defining groups and ensuring operations remain bounded and consistent.
NEW QUESTION # 20
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