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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Key Management and PKI | - Key exchange and lifecycle management - Certificates, certificate authorities, and PKI structure |
| Topic 2: Asymmetric Encryption | - RSA and ECC fundamentals - Public key cryptography principles |
| Topic 3: Hash Functions and Message Authentication | - Cryptographic hash functions (e.g., SHA family concepts) - MAC and HMAC mechanisms |
| Topic 4: Cryptographic Protocols and Applications | - TLS/SSL conceptual overview - Secure communication design principles |
| Topic 5: Symmetric Encryption | - AES and legacy algorithms (e.g., DES conceptually) - Block and stream ciphers |
| Topic 6: Foundations of Cryptography | - Core concepts of confidentiality, integrity, authentication, non-repudiation - Historical and modern cryptography principles |
>> Introduction-to-Cryptography試験復習赤本 <<
Introduction-to-Cryptography学習教材の練習試験や模擬試験はみんなにとって重要です。今のリビジョン条件はIntroduction-to-Cryptography試験に参加する良い機会です。したがって、レビュープランを調整するために、Introduction-to-Cryptographyの各練習問題を要約することが不可欠です。今、私たちはIntroduction-to-Cryptography実際試験を模擬するためにオンラインテストエンジンとWindowsソフトウェアを追加しました。
質問 # 81
(Which mode of encryption converts data into a stream encryption and then uses a counter value and a nonce to encrypt the data?)
正解：B
解説：
CTR (Counter) mode converts a block cipher into a stream-like encryption method by generating a keystream from encrypted counter blocks. The core idea is to construct a sequence of input blocks using a nonce (unique per message/session) plus an incrementing counter. Each nonce||counter block is encrypted with the block cipher under the shared key; the output is a pseudorandom block that is XORed with plaintext to produce ciphertext. Decryption repeats the same keystream generation and XORs with ciphertext to recover plaintext.
CTR offers practical benefits: it is highly parallelizable, supports precomputation of keystream blocks, and allows random access to any block without needing previous blocks (unlike CBC). ECB and CBC are block modes that do not use nonce+counter keystream generation. CFB is a feedback mode that can behave stream- like, but it does not use the explicit counter/nonce construction characteristic of CTR. CTR's security hinges on never reusing the same nonce/counter sequence with the same key, because that would reuse the keystream and enable XOR-based plaintext recovery. Therefore, the correct mode is Counter (CTR).
質問 # 82
(Why is it important for cryptography frameworks to adapt over time?)
正解：B
解説：
Cryptography must evolve because threats, computing capabilities, and attack techniques continuously change. Algorithms once considered safe can become vulnerable due to cryptanalysis, implementation attacks, protocol flaws, or sheer increases in available compute power. Examples include the deprecation of SHA-1 for signatures, weakening of RC4, and migration away from older TLS versions and weak cipher suites. Frameworks also need to adapt to new environments-cloud architectures, IoT deployments, mobile devices-and new adversary models, including the long-term risk posed by quantum computing to current public-key systems. Adaptation includes updating standards, increasing key sizes where needed, adopting modern primitives (AEAD modes, stronger KDFs), improving key management practices (rotation, hardware- backed storage), and refining operational guidance (certificate lifetimes, revocation strategies). A rigid structure that never changes would lock organizations into obsolete protections and accumulate risk.
Standardizing obsolete techniques or complying with outdated standards is the opposite of sound security engineering. Therefore, cryptography frameworks must adapt over time to respond to emerging threats and vulnerabilities and to maintain effective protection as the landscape evolves.
質問 # 83
(Which operation can be performed on a certificate during the "Issued" stage?)
正解：D
解説：
The "Issued" stage in a certificate lifecycle indicates that the certificate has been generated and signed by the issuing CA and is now valid for use (subject to validity dates, policy constraints, and revocation status). At this point, the operational focus shifts from creating the certificate to making it available to the subject and relying parties. "Distribution" is the lifecycle activity most directly associated with an issued certificate:
installing it on servers or endpoints, provisioning it into keystores, publishing it to directories if required, and ensuring the chain (intermediates) is accessible for validation. By contrast, "Creation" is earlier in the process (key generation, CSR creation, identity validation, issuance/signing). "Key recovery" and "key archiving" relate to private key management and escrow policies (often for encryption keys, not signing keys), and are governed by organizational policy and key management systems rather than the certificate's issued state itself.
A certificate can be distributed after issuance regardless of whether any key escrow features exist. Therefore, the operation that fits the certificate's "Issued" stage best is distribution of the issued credential for operational use.
質問 # 84
(Which authentication method allows a customer to authenticate to a web service?)
正解：C
解説：
One-way client authentication is the method where the client (customer) proves its identity to the server (web service). In cryptographic terms, this is commonly implemented through client credentials such as client TLS certificates (mTLS from the server's perspective) or through authentication protocols layered over TLS (for example, signed tokens), but the defining direction is that the client is the party being authenticated. In a strict TLS certificate-authentication framing, client authentication occurs when the server requests a client certificate during the handshake and the client demonstrates possession of the corresponding private key (via signature in handshake messages). The server then validates the client certificate chain and authorization policy. One-way server authentication, by contrast, authenticates only the server to the client and does not identify the customer. Mutual authentication authenticates both sides simultaneously; while it includes client authentication, it is broader than what the question asks. "End-to-end authentication" describes assurance between endpoints across intermediaries, but it is not the specific "customer authenticates to service" method in certificate-based terminology. Therefore, the best answer is one-way client authentication.
質問 # 85
(How can auditing enhance an organization ' s cryptographic practices?)
正解：C
質問 # 86
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