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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Operations and Troubleshooting | - Troubleshooting routing and switching issues - Junos CLI monitoring tools |
| Topic 2: Routing Policy and Filtering | - Route filtering and preference control - Policy statements |
| Topic 3: Layer 2 Switching Technologies | - VLANs and trunking - Ethernet switching concepts - Spanning Tree Protocol (STP/RSTP/MSTP) |
| Topic 4: Network Services | - Basic multicast concepts - NAT concepts in Junos |
| Topic 5: Routing Protocols | - BGP fundamentals and policy control - OSPF configuration and troubleshooting - IS-IS overview |
| Topic 6: High Availability | - VRRP configuration and behavior - Redundancy concepts in enterprise networks |
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NEW QUESTION # 155
What are three well-known mandatory BGP attributes? (Choose three.)
Answer: A,D,E
NEW QUESTION # 156
After receiving a BGP route, which two conditions are verified by the receiving router to ensure that the received route is valid? (Choose two)
Answer: A,C
Explanation:
B is correct because the loops do not exist is one of the conditions that are verified by the receiving router to ensure that the received BGP route is valid. A loop in BGP means that a route has been advertised by the same AS more than once, which can cause routing instability and inefficiency. To prevent loops, BGP uses the AS-path attribute, which lists the AS numbers that a route has traversed from the origin to the destination. The receiving router checks the AS-path attribute of the received route and discards it if it finds its own AS number in the list. This way, BGP avoids accepting routes that contain loops.
C is correct because the next hop is reachable is one of the conditions that are verified by the receiving router to ensure that the received BGP route is valid. The next hop is the IP address of the next router that is used to forward packets to the destination network. The receiving router checks the next hop attribute of the received route and verifies that it has a valid route to reach it.
If the next hop is not reachable, the received route is not usable and is rejected by the receiving router. This way, BGP ensures that only feasible routes are accepted.
NEW QUESTION # 157
You are establishing a new BGP session to an EBGP peer using loopback addresses.
In addition to your general EBGP settings, which BGP feature must be enabled for this session to establish?
Answer: B
Explanation:
By default, EBGP sessions are built with the expectation that peers are directly connected at Layer 3, and Junos enforces this by sending EBGP packets with a TTL of 1. When loopback addresses are used as the session endpoints instead of the directly connected physical interface addresses, the resulting IP packets must traverse at least one additional router hop between the two loopbacks, and a TTL of 1 will expire in transit before reaching the remote loopback, causing the TCP handshake - and therefore the BGP session - to fail even though a valid route to the peer's loopback exists. The multihop statement (configured as an EBGP multihop parameter with an accompanying TTL value, most commonly set to 2 for a single intermediate hop) instructs Junos to increase the TTL used for that peer's BGP packets so they survive the extra hop count between loopbacks. This is a mandatory addition any time an EBGP session is deliberately built against non- directly-connected addresses, whereas IBGP sessions, by contrast, do not have this default restriction because IBGP already assumes peers may be multiple hops apart within the same AS. Multipath affects load-balancing across equal-cost paths, damping suppresses flapping routes, and passive controls whether a router waits for the remote peer to initiate the TCP connection - none of these resolve the TTL expiration problem inherent to loopback-based EBGP peering. Reference topics: Junos Enterprise Routing - BGP, Configuring EBGP Multihop Sessions.
NEW QUESTION # 158
What is a purpose of using a spanning tree protocol?
Answer: B
Explanation:
A broadcast storm is a network condition where a large number of broadcast packets are sent and received by multiple devices, causing congestion and performance degradation. A broadcast storm can occur when there are loops in the network topology, meaning that there are multiple paths between two devices.
A spanning tree protocol is a network protocol that prevents loops from being formed when switches or bridges are interconnected via multiple paths. It does this by creating a logical tree structure that spans all the devices in the network, and disabling or blocking the links that are not part of the tree, leaving a single active path between any two devices.
By eliminating loops, a spanning tree protocol also eliminates broadcast storms, as broadcast packets will not be forwarded endlessly along the looped paths. Instead, broadcast packets will be sent only along the tree structure, reaching each device once and avoiding congestion.
NEW QUESTION # 159
Which statement describes how a generated route determines its next hop?
Answer: D
Explanation:
A generate route is a specialized type of Junos summary route that, unlike an aggregate route, is permitted to inherit and use an actual forwarding next hop rather than being restricted to reject or discard. When multiple contributing routes exist beneath the summarized prefix, Junos selects one of them as the primary contributor using a deterministic process: it first evaluates route preference (choosing the contributor with the lowest, most preferred value), then breaks any remaining tie by preferring the contributing route with the numerically lowest metric, and continues through further tie-breaking criteria if necessary until a single primary contributor is identified. The generate route then adopts the next hop of that specific primary contributor as its own forwarding next hop, meaning traffic matching the generate route but not matching any individual contributing route is forwarded toward whichever real next hop the primary (best) contributing route currently uses. This behavior is fundamentally different from an aggregate route, which never adopts a forwarding next hop at all and instead installs with a reject (or optionally discard) next hop by default, deliberately preventing traffic from being forwarded toward a next hop that might not actually lead to the intended more-specific destination. There is no mechanism by which the next hop is chosen arbitrarily from the 'first' or 'least-specific' contributor, and while a next hop can be manually overridden under the generate route's own configuration, that is not the default resolution behavior being described here.
NEW QUESTION # 160
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