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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Software Defect Prevention | - Mitigating Recurrence of Defects - Defect Prevention Practices - Supporting Phase Containment |
| Topic 2: Test Analysis and Test Design | - Data-Based Test Techniques - Experience-based Testing - Rule-Based Test Techniques - Behavior-Based Test Techniques |
| Topic 3: The Tasks of the Test Analyst in the Test Process | - Tasks Related to Work Products - Involvement in Test Activities - Testing in the Software Development Lifecycle |
| Topic 4: The Tasks of the Test Analyst in Risk-Based Testing | - Risk Control - Risk Analysis |
| Topic 5: Testing Quality Characteristics | - Usability Testing - Functional Testing - Compatibility Testing - Flexibility Testing |
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NEW QUESTION # 32
You are testing the functional correctness of an application which allows the driver of a car to control if the air that enters the passenger compartment is fresh or recycled. The car may be ordered in various configurations:
* Engine Size, can be: 1500cc, 1900cc, 2200cc, 2500cc
* Gearbox type, can be: automatic, manual 5-speed, manual 6-speed
* Cruise control, can be: yes or no
* Electric sunroof, can be: yes or no
It is expected that the most popular configuration will have a 1900cc engine and a manual 5-speed gearbox with cruise control and no electric sunroof. In order to achieve full BASE CHOICE coverage, how many configurations must be tested?
Answer: A
Explanation:
The correct answer is D . CTAL-TA v4.0 defines base choice coverage as a combinatorial coverage criterion where a base value is selected for each parameter, forming one base coverage item. Then, additional coverage items are created by replacing one base value at a time with each non-base value while all other parameters remain at their base values.
The base configuration is explicitly given: 1900cc engine , manual 5-speed gearbox , cruise control = yes , and electric sunroof = no . That gives the first test configuration. Then each non-base value must be tested once while the other values remain fixed at the base configuration. Engine Size has four values, so there are 3 non-base engine values: 1500cc, 2200cc, and 2500cc. Gearbox type has three values, so there are 2 non-base gearbox values: automatic and manual 6-speed. Cruise control has one non-base value: no. Electric sunroof has one non-base value: yes.
Total configurations = 1 base + 3 + 2 + 1 + 1 = 8 . Option A , 48, is exhaustive testing: 4 × 3 × 2 × 2. Options B and C do not match the base choice formula. Reference: CTAL-TA v4.0, Section 3.1.2 Combinatorial Testing .
NEW QUESTION # 33
A Customer Relationship Management (CRM) system will be developed for a company that runs a chain of hotels. These are some of the requirements relating to staff in the call center.
* R1. High. An operator shall be able to find and see the details of a customer's booking. The data that may be used for the search include customer name, customer registration number (in the company's loyalty enrolment scheme) and booking reference.
* R2. High. An operator shall be able to amend a customer's booking. The data that may be amended include check-in and check-out dates, hotel, room type and tariff (with / without breakfast).
* R3. High. Before a booking amendment is accepted, the system shall display to the operator any difference in price with respect to the original booking. The operator shall confirm that the customer accepts the revised price and then the system shall record the accepted amendment.
* R4. Medium. Details of the amended booking shall be sent to the customer (see requirements for original customer booking for details).
* R5. High. Details of the extra amount payable shall be sent to the billing system for customer invoicing (see requirements for invoicing of the original customer booking for details).
You have been asked to review these requirements using this checklist:
* Specific - does each requirement deal with only a single aspect of the solution?
* Clear - is each requirement expressed in an unambiguous way with no possibility of interpretation or uncertainty about its meaning?
* Complete - does the set of requirements cover all of the stakeholders' reasonable needs?
* Unique - does each requirement address something that no other requirement also covers?
Assume that the other requirements referred to by R4 and R5 have been reviewed with a satisfactory outcome.
Considering these five requirements, to which checklist items would you answer 'No'?
Answer: C
Explanation:
The correct answer is D . The two checklist items that should be answered No are Clear and Complete .
CTAL-TA v4.0 places requirements review and defect prevention under the Test Analyst's static testing responsibilities. It also identifies perspective-based reading and checklist-based review as techniques for finding defects in the test basis before test design and execution. The official sample-answer material confirms that checklist items should support detection of defects such as ambiguity, incompleteness, and inconsistency, rather than merely restating requirements.
The requirements are not fully clear because several phrases leave room for interpretation. For example, R1 says customer name may be used for searching, but it does not clarify what happens if multiple bookings match. R3 says "any difference in price" and "original booking," which may be ambiguous if multiple amendments occur. The requirements are also not fully complete because R5 only addresses an "extra amount payable." It does not cover the reasonable business case where the amendment reduces the price and a refund, credit, or billing adjustment is needed.
The requirements are broadly specific enough for this review because each requirement addresses a distinct call-center function. They are also unique because no requirement duplicates another: search, amend, price confirmation, customer notification, and billing interface are separate concerns. Reference: CTAL-TA v4.0, Software Defect Prevention , reviews, checklist-based review, and perspective-based reading.
NEW QUESTION # 34
A written specification describes the rules for granting membership of your company's sports facility, whether it must be paid for if granted and whether free transport to and from the facility will be provided.
These actions depend upon employment status (permanent, temporary or probationary), the result of a medical exam (passed, failed or not taken) and whether the person is classed as a local resident. The best decision table that could be created from this specification is shown below.
Which of the following conclusions is correct?
Answer: A
Explanation:
The correct answer is A because the decision table has the correct structural completeness, but it exposes missing rules in the written specification. There are three condition dimensions: employment status has three values, medical exam has three values, and local residency has two values. Therefore, the complete decision table requires 3 × 3 × 2 = 18 rule columns , and the table contains exactly 18 rules. The unresolved entries appear in rules 17 and 18 , where the person is probationary , the medical exam is not taken , and local residency is either yes or no . Since all action cells for these two combinations are marked with question marks, the model has revealed that the specification does not define the required behavior for those cases.
CTAL-TA v4.0 places decision table testing under rule-based test techniques and states that it is used when behavior is determined by combinations of conditions, such as business rules. It is especially useful for finding omissions, inconsistencies, ambiguities, and gaps in rule specifications. Option B is wrong because the table has the correct number of columns. Option C is wrong because models are deliberately used to clarify text-based specifications. Option D is wrong because a decision table is the correct model type for condition-action business rules. Reference: CTAL-TA v4.0, Section 3.3.1 Decision Table Testing .
NEW QUESTION # 35
You are working on a project to replace an old sales and merchandising system with a new system that will be based on modern platforms. The old system Is still in production but is poorly documented and expensive to maintain. The new version will be developed using modern technology. The main requirements for the system are that it shall:
* Load sales data, sent electronically from the stores each evening, into a central database.
* Produce actual sales reports for the merchandisers, whose job is to manage stock levels in stores.
* Produce sales forecast reports based on a combination of sales history and forecasting parameters. The parameters will be entered by the merchandisers into a browser-based front end and the reports will be produced overnight. The users will be able to see the reports next day, on screen or in print, by requesting this through the browser.
Requirements 1 and 2 are satisfied by the existing system and will be rewritten with no significant changes.
Requirement 3 is new. The development will use your company's Agile SDLC, with 2-week iterations.
Technical skill levels in the team are high and the approach to automate test execution is aggressive. Each requirement will be specified with user stories, will be released only when complete, and will need more than one iteration. The main business benefit will come from requirement 3, which depends on the other two requirements, and the stakeholders are keen to get this into production as soon as possible.
Release planning has begun for requirement 3 and you need to know at a high level what the testing scope will be, to ensure that the correct resources will be available. Which functional test techniques will be MOST effective for this release?
a) Domain testing
b) Combinatorial testing
c) Random testing
d) CRUD testing
e) Scenario-based testing
f) Decision table testing
g) Exploratory testing
Answer: D
Explanation:
The correct answer is C : domain testing, scenario-based testing, and decision table testing . Requirement
3 is new and business-critical. It involves entering complex forecasting parameters, generating reports overnight from sales history and parameters, and then viewing or printing those reports through the browser.
Domain testing is appropriate because forecasting parameters and sales-history values form input domains with partitions and boundaries. CTAL-TA v4.0 states that domain testing extends equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis to domains with multiple parameters and complex partitions.
Scenario-based testing is also essential because the requirement describes an end-to-end user/business flow:
enter parameters, run overnight report generation, request report output, view or print result. CTAL-TA states that scenario-based testing evaluates behavior in realistic workflows and is often used in system and acceptance testing from the user's perspective.
Decision table testing fits because forecast calculation behavior is likely governed by business rules involving sales history, parameters, thresholds, and report-generation rules. CTAL-TA classifies decision table testing as a rule-based technique for stateless business rules. Random testing is inferior because the requirement is clearly specified, not poorly understood. CRUD testing is not the strongest match because Requirement 3 is not mainly an entity lifecycle problem.
NEW QUESTION # 36
You are working on a project to replace an old sales and merchandising system with a new system that will be based on modern platforms. The old system is still in production but is poorly documented and expensive to maintain. The new version will be developed using modern technology. The main requirements for the system are that it shall:
* Load sales data, sent electronically from the stores each evening, into a central database.
* Produce actual sales reports for the merchandisers, whose job is to manage stock levels in stores.
* Produce sales forecast reports, based on a combination of sales history and forecasting parameters. The parameters will be entered by the merchandisers into a browser-based front end and the reports will be produced overnight. The users will be able to see the reports next day, on screen or in print, by requesting this through the browser.
Requirements 1 and 2 are satisfied by the existing system and will be rewritten with no significant functional changes. Requirement 3 is new and has been clearly specified. Because of the poor test basis you have decided to perform experience-based functional correctness testing for requirements 1 and 2 with the support of checklists. Which would be the BEST items to include in the checklist for testing Requirement 2?
a) Does the sales quantity in the database for any one product in a particular store, equal the sales data input for that product / store?
b) Does the total sales value in the report for all products in a particular store, equal the sales data input for that store?
c) Does the sales quantity in the report for any one product in a particular store, equal the sales data input for that product / store?
d) Does successful login allow access to the report parameter entry features?
e) Does the total sales value in the database for all products in a particular store, equal the sales data input for that store?
Answer: A
Explanation:
The correct answer is C because Requirement 2 is specifically about producing actual sales reports for merchandisers. CTAL-TA v4.0 states that checklist-based testing helps the Test Analyst cover known essential aspects of a test item, prevents overlooking critical areas, and supports experience-based testing when documentation is weak or changing. It also states that checklist items should be clear, specific, relevant, actionable, measurable, and answerable with yes, no, or not applicable.
Checklist item b is relevant because it verifies that the report total sales value for a store matches the sales input for that store. Checklist item c is also relevant because it verifies that the report shows the correct sales quantity for a specific product/store combination. These two checks directly test the functional correctness of the actual sales reports .
Item a is not the best fit because it checks data in the database , which belongs more directly to Requirement
1, loading sales data into the central database. Item d belongs to Requirement 3, because report parameter entry is part of the new sales forecast reporting feature. Item e again checks database content rather than report output. Reference: CTAL-TA v4.0, Section 3.4.2 Checklists Supporting Experience-Based Test Techniques and Section 4.1 Functional Testing .
NEW QUESTION # 37
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