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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Asymmetric Cryptography | - Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) - Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange - Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) - RSA Algorithm |
| Topic 2: Symmetric Cryptography | - Stream Ciphers - Key Management - Block Ciphers (AES, DES, 3DES) - Initialization Vectors (IV) |
| Topic 3: Hashing and Digital Signatures | - Hash Functions (MD5, SHA-1, SHA-256) - Digital Signature Standards - Message Authentication Codes (MAC) |
| Topic 4: Cryptanalysis and Attacks | - Brute Force and Dictionary Attacks - Common Attack Vectors - Social Engineering Prevention |
| Topic 5: Cryptography Fundamentals | - History and Evolution of Cryptography - Symmetric vs Asymmetric Encryption - Cryptographic Terminology |
| Topic 6: Applied Cryptography | - VPN Security - PGP and Email Encryption - Cryptographic Best Practices - SSL/TLS Protocols |
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WGUのIntroduction-to-Cryptographyの認定試験に合格すれば、就職機会が多くなります。この試験に合格すれば君の専門知識がとても強いを証明し得ます。WGUのIntroduction-to-Cryptographyの認定試験は君の実力を考察するテストでございます。
質問 # 36
(Quantum computing poses a threat to which cryptographic algorithm?)
正解：B
解説：
Large-scale quantum computers threaten many widely deployed public-key algorithms because quantum algorithms can solve their underlying hard math problems efficiently. In particular, Shor's algorithm can factor large integers and compute discrete logarithms in polynomial time, which directly breaks the security assumptions of RSA (factoring) and traditional Diffie-Hellman/ECC (discrete log). That makes RSA the clearest target among the options. By comparison, symmetric algorithms like AES are affected mainly by Grover's algorithm, which provides a quadratic speedup for brute force; this can be mitigated by using larger keys (e.g., AES-256). Hash functions like SHA-256 also face Grover-style speedups for preimage search, again mitigated by output length/security margin, and collision resistance is impacted differently. ECB is a mode of operation, not a standalone algorithm, and its issues are classical (pattern leakage), not specifically quantum. Therefore, the algorithm most directly threatened by quantum computing among the choices is RSA.
質問 # 37
(Which symmetric encryption technique uses a 112-bit key size and a 64-bit block size?)
正解：D
解説：
3DES (Triple DES) is a symmetric block cipher that retains DES's 64-bit block size while increasing effective security by applying DES multiple times. The common "two-key 3DES" variant uses two independent 56-bit DES keys (K1 and K2) in an Encrypt-Decrypt-Encrypt (EDE) sequence: Encrypt with K1, Decrypt with K2, then Encrypt again with K1. Because each DES key is 56 bits (ignoring parity bits), the total keying material is 112 bits. This matches the question's "112-bit key size and 64-bit block size." Plain DES uses only a 56-bit effective key and a 64-bit block size, so it does not match the 112-bit key size. AES has a 128-bit block size and key sizes of 128/192/256. IDEA uses a 64-bit block size but has a 128-bit key.
Therefore, the correct algorithm is 3DES. Although 3DES improved on DES, it is now considered legacy due to its small 64-bit block size (birthday-bound issues for large data volumes) and performance overhead compared to AES.
質問 # 38
(What does nonrepudiation aim to achieve in the context of cryptography?)
正解：B
解説：
Nonrepudiation aims to prevent a party from later denying having performed an action, such as sending a message, approving a transaction, or signing a document. In cryptographic systems, nonrepudiation is typically supported by digital signatures, audit logs, and trusted time-stamping: if a message is signed with a private key and verified with the corresponding public key (often bound to an identity via a certificate), the signer can be held accountable for that signed content. This creates evidence that can be used for dispute resolution, compliance, and legal or contractual enforcement. Nonrepudiation is distinct from confidentiality (keeping data secret) and from access control (preventing unauthorized use). While authentication (verifying identity) is related and often a prerequisite, the defining goal is accountability-ensuring that actions can be attributed to entities in a way that is difficult to dispute later. Effective nonrepudiation also depends on secure private key management, certificate validation, and procedures that show the key was under the signer's control at the time. Therefore, the correct answer is holding parties accountable for their actions and transactions.
質問 # 39
(Which of the following is an example of a software encryption solution for disk storage?)
正解：D
解説：
Disk/storage encryption protects data at rest by encrypting the contents of a drive so it remains unreadable without the correct authentication and keys. BitLocker (commonly on Windows) and FileVault (commonly on macOS) are well-known software-based full-disk encryption solutions integrated into their operating systems.
They encrypt sectors on disk and typically tie key protection to user credentials and, where available, hardware features such as a TPM or secure enclave to reduce key extraction risk. A VPN encrypts network traffic in transit, not disk storage. An HSM is specialized hardware used to generate, store, and protect cryptographic keys and perform crypto operations; it is not a disk encryption product itself. USB encryption hardware refers to hardware-encrypted removable media, not a software solution for a system disk. Therefore, the correct example of a software encryption solution for disk storage is BitLocker and FileVault.
質問 # 40
(A security analyst is using 3DES for data encryption. Which 3DES key size is valid?)
正解：C
解説：
3DES (Triple DES) applies the DES block cipher three times to increase effective security, and its commonly cited valid key sizes correspond to how many independent DES keys are used. Two-key 3DES uses two 56- bit DES keys (K1 and K2) in an EDE sequence (Encrypt with K1, Decrypt with K2, Encrypt with K1), yielding 112 bits of keying material (ignoring parity bits). Three-key 3DES uses three independent 56-bit keys for a total of 168 bits of keying material, but that option is not listed here. A 56-bit key corresponds to single DES, not 3DES. 128-bit is associated with AES, not 3DES. 2,048-bit is typical for RSA keys, not symmetric ciphers. Therefore, among the choices provided, 112-bit is a valid 3DES key size. While 3DES is now deprecated for many uses due to its 64-bit block size and performance limitations, understanding its keying options remains important for legacy system assessment.
質問 # 41
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