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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Pharmacy and Pharmacology | 13% | - Anatomy, physiology, pathophysiology related to agents - Preparation, dispensing, storage, safety and disposal - Controlled substance management - Drug classification, dosage calculation, administration routes |
| Animal Care and Nursing | 20% | - Specialized care for exotic, large or neonatal patients - Physical examination, patient assessment - Husbandry, nutrition, fluid therapy - Infection control, sanitation, isolation |
| Diagnostic Imaging | 6% | - Radiography: positioning, safety, technique - Ultrasound, other imaging modalities - Image quality assessment and documentation |
| Dentistry | 7% | - Dental cleaning, polishing, radiography - Dental anatomy, disease recognition - Periodontal care and patient education |
| Surgical Nursing | 13% | - Intraoperative and postoperative care - Wound management, suture materials and techniques - Surgical preparation, instrumentation, aseptic technique |
| Pain Management / Analgesia | 7% | - Pain assessment, pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic control - Multimodal analgesia protocols |
| Communication and Veterinary Professional Support Services | 5% | - Medical records, ethics, legal and regulatory compliance - Client education, communication techniques - Practice management, team collaboration |
| Laboratory Procedures | 9% | - Parasitology, microbiology, cytology - Sample collection, handling and processing - Hematology, clinical chemistry, urinalysis |
| Anesthesia | 13% | - Pre-anesthetic assessment and preparation - Recovery and emergency management - Anesthetic agents, equipment, monitoring |
| Emergency Medicine / Critical Care | 7% | - Triage, shock, respiratory/cardiac emergencies - Toxicology, trauma, first aid procedures |
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NEW QUESTION # 1309
What does the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) refer to when discussing antimicrobial susceptibility testing?
Answer: B
Explanation:
For each antibiotic and each organism, there exists a breakpoint. This breakpoint is a number that either describes the MIC or the diameter of the zone of inhibition. This zone of inhibition is created by measuring the diameter of the area inhibited by the antibiotic on antibiotic colony growing disks. The MIC refers to the actual concentration at which bacterial growth will not occur. They both represent a value at which an organism is susceptible to or resistant to a specific antimicrobial.
The serial dilution of a bacterial isolate growing in broth describes how the Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion susceptibility test is achieved to determine the MIC of certain antibiotics for a specific bacterium.
Fastidious organisms are those that need particular growing conditions and nutrients to grow. Often, these organisms are difficult to culture and require the use of incubators and carbon dioxide gas to help increase the proliferative ability of the bacteria in the media.
NEW QUESTION # 1310
You are performing a dog dental cleaning, and you are concerned that there is gingival recession and want to measure the depth. What instrument will you reach for to measure the sulcus?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Periodontal probes examine periodontal tissues for pocket depth, recession, and hyperplasia. They are smooth on all sides with a blunt tip. The normal sulcus depth in dogs is up to 3 mm, while in cats, up to 1 mm represents a healthy mouth.
Curettes have a cutting edge and rounded tip, so they can be used both above (supragingivally) and below (subgingivally) the gum line. Scalers, while similar to curettes, have a cutting edge and a sharp tip that can damage delicate gingiva, so they should only be used supragingivally. Shepherd's hooks, or explorers, have smooth sides with a sharp tip. They can be used to detect subgingival calculus but do not have a sharp edge for removal.
NEW QUESTION # 1311
A horse presents with signs consistent with colic. The veterinarian on call has not yet reached the office. You do a cursory assessment of the patient and note that the patient is painful. The horse just started showing restlessness and pawing at the ground and isn't interested in food. He is also standing at the back of his stall. This started about an hour ago. The ride to the hospital was 30 minutes. Upon arrival, the owner expressed cost concerns and stated that he was only looking for non-surgical therapy options, regardless of the diagnosis.
All of the following could be used to manage pain associated with colic, except:
Answer: A
Explanation:
Acetaminophen may provide sufficient pain relief in the early stages of laminitis or other conditions, but hasn't been studied sufficiently or found to have sufficient pain management effects in acute colic. Suppose a patient has underlying liver or kidney issues that prevent using a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication (NSAID), such as flunixin meglumine. In that case, it may be combined with another type of pain medication, such as an opioid (butorphanol) or alpha-2 agonist. However, at this time, it can not be recommended as the sole treatment for colic pain.
In the acute phase of colic, we only recognize pain and discomfort and want to improve the horse's clinical condition. However, we also need to make our drug choice decision based on presumptive diagnosis, pain duration, and clinical signs severity. We want to ensure we can re-evaluate them and establish/determine if the condition is worsening, even in the face of pain management. Thus, choices may include NSAIDs (if there are no contraindications), butorphanol (though often insufficient alone, it does provide some sedation effects), detomidine, or xylazine (detomidine is considered more effective for colic pain and doesn't have the added issue of illicit drug use concerns as we are seeing in 2023 with xylazine). The alpha-2 agonists are also sedating, which can be beneficial for rectal evaluation and keeping the horse calm while still permitting walking to encourage GI movement. However, they can decrease GI tract sounds and make it more difficult to assess the horse properly.
Other pure agonist opioids may be considered, but can cause ileus and are not usually the first line in cases of early colic.
NSAIDs like flunixin meglumine can be on board for up to 12 hours. While this is good from a pain management standpoint, some practitioners fear it can mask worsening clinical disease. A horse may decline yet not overtly show this, and the patient could deteriorate faster. Thus, some vets prefer shorter-acting and/or reversible drugs to better monitor for improvement or progression.
NEW QUESTION # 1312
When maintaining scalers used for calculus removal, water lines should be drained how often and for what purpose?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Each day at the end of your dental procedures, part of your daily routine should include draining the water lines. This will help prevent biofilm (adhered bacteria forming a film over a surface that can be very difficult to remove) and free bacterial buildup.
NEW QUESTION # 1313
A horse handler brings in an 18-year-old gelding for evaluation. He reports that the horse has been showing intermittent yet progressive lameness. He is still eating and otherwise himself, but the trainer is concerned. You ask the handler if he has noticed any stumbling or a shortened stride, and he replies affirmatively. You recognize from your short interactions with the horse while getting your TPR and talking with the handler that the horse is intermittently shifting his weight off his heels on the right hind. You are suspicious of navicular disease in this horse.
Navicular disease describes a syndrome that can include all of the following, except:
Answer: A
Explanation:
Navicular disease syndrome has many underlying potential contributing factors and is likely multifactorial. Causes can include
*Damage to the navicular bone (distal sesamoid bone)
*Damage to the bone supply of the heel
*Damage to bursa, tendons, and ligaments attached to the navicular bone
*Underrun heels
*Low heel or long toe type confirmation (hoof wall angle is lower than that of the pastern) Contracted heels become a consequence of the disease over time. Contracted heels is a narrowing between the common meeting point of the fleshy part of the hoof wall, the heel, and the coronary band.
Regardless of the underlying cause(s), the net result is that the animal's weight shifts to take the pressure off the heel. This ultimately causes a gait change and may lead to secondary sequelae. The bone ultimately undergoes painful changes and degeneration over time. The disease syndrome is manageable but not curable.
Diagnosis can be a combination of various tests, including:
*Pain response with hoof testers over the foot's sole (pull the foot away)
*Flexion tests
*Nerve blocks
*Radiographs
*MRI
NEW QUESTION # 1314
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