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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Understand how to prepare for negotiations in procurement and supply | - Analyze the factors that impact on the approach to commercial negotiations
|
| Topic 2: Understand the interpersonal skills required for effective negotiation | - Analyze the interpersonal skills required for effective negotiation
|
| Topic 3: Understand the stages of commercial negotiations in procurement and supply | - Analyze the types of approaches that can be pursued in commercial negotiations
|
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NEW QUESTION # 111
Which type of question should be used to receive affirmation on statement?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Different questioning styles can be used to elicit desired responses:
Text Description automatically generated
NEW QUESTION # 112
Maria, an NHS buyer, needs cost savings due to budget cuts. She plans to achieve savings with a collaborative supplier. Which negotiation approach should she use?
Answer: B
Explanation:
With a collaborative supplier, the appropriate approach is Win-Win (integrative). Both sides aim to create savings while maintaining partnership value. Win-Lose would damage collaboration, while Lose-Lose sacrifices value on both sides. Win-Perceived Win is based on optics rather than actual balance. By adopting a win-win approach, Maria ensures sustainable cost reductions while protecting critical NHS supplier relationships.
Reference: CIPS L4M5 (2nd ed.), LO 1.1 - Win-win strategies in collaborative supplier relationships.
NEW QUESTION # 113
Which of the following are examples of push techniques in commercial negotiations? Select TWO that apply.
Answer: A,B
Explanation:
:
There are two major persuasion methods: 'push' and 'pull'.
Persuasion can be defined as encouraging someone to do something that you want them to do for you.
Persuasion is reasoning with someone so that they will believe or do something they might not otherwise do.
Persuasion can be considered as 'pushing' on TOP so that they can accept the change in attitude or behaviour as a result of your actions.
Influence is the ability to affect the manner of thinking of another. Influence can be considered as pulling on TOP so that you achieve the same result, but TOP feels they have changed their attitude or behaviour as a result of their reflection and thinking, and not your direct actions.
There are 5 options in this question:
'Threat of punishment, costs and damage': The influencer tries to 'push' the other party to act as he/she wants by using force. This method is effective but short-lived. The influencer also risks to developing reputation for being heavy handed and dictatorial.
'Argument based on information, logic and reason': The influencer uses logic and reasons to persuade the other party. This is also known as 'Persuasive Reasoning' (Push)
'Using language and imagery to 'paint a picture others can see'': The influencer seeks to influence another by understanding the other's emotions, and stimulating that party's imagination to visualise the desired future goal of the influencer. This is also known as 'visionary (pull)'
'Working together to define the problem, the goals and the best solution': In this technique, the person seeking to influence another involves the other party in the decision making process. This is known as 'collaborative (pull)'
'Listening to, involving and supporting others': In this technique, the person seeking to influence another tries to discover the other party's emotion and aims at mutual understanding. This is also a collaborative approach.
NEW QUESTION # 114
The buyer's bargaining power tends to berelatively higher than supplier's bargaining power in which of the following circumstances?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Buyer power gives customers/consumers (buyers) the ability to squeeze industry margins by pressuring firms (the suppliers) to reduce prices or increase the quality of services or products offered.
There are four major factors to consider when determining the bargaining power of buyers:
1. Number of buyers relative to suppliers: If the number of buyers is small relative to that of suppliers,the buyer's power will be stronger.
2. Dependence of a buyer's purchase on a particular supplier: If a buyer is able to get similar products/services from other suppliers, buyers depend less on a particular supplier. Therefore, the power of the buyer would be greater.
3. Switching costs: If there are not many alternative suppliers available, the cost of switching is high.
Therefore, buyer power would be low.
4. Backward Integration: If the buyer is able to integrate or merge suppliers, the buyer has greater bargaining power over the existing suppliers.
When is Bargaining Power of Buyers High/Strong?
There are fewer buyers relative to that of suppliers
The switching costs of the buyer are low
If the buyer is able to backward integrate
The buyer purchases product in bulk (high volume)
The buyer is able to get similar product/services from other suppliers
The buyer purchases the majority of the seller's products
Several substitutes are available on the market
Product is not differentiated
NEW QUESTION # 115
Where can we find the data on macroeconomics?
1. From trade journal
2. From supplier's marketing catalogue
3. From stock exchange market
4. From government's statistics
Answer: C
Explanation:
Macroeconomic indicators are statistics or data readings that reflect the economic circumstances of a particular country, region or sector. They are used by analysts and governments to assess the current and future health of the economy and financial markets.
Macroeconomic indicators will vary in their meaning and the impact that they have on the economy, but broadly speaking there are two main types of indicator.
- Leading indicators, which forecast where an economy might be heading. They are often used by governments to implement policies because they represent the first phase of a new economic cycle. These include the yield curve, interest rates and share prices.
- Lagging indicators, which reflect an economy's historical performance and only change after a trend has been established. They are used to confirm a trend is underway. These include gross domestic product (GDP), inflation and employment figures.
There is also the category of coincident indicators, but these are generally grouped in with lagging indicators as they either happen at the same time or after an economic shift.
The best macroeconomic indicator to watch will heavily depend on your personal preferences, what positions you are taking and which country your portfolio is focused on. However, there are some very common indicators that most traders and investors will keep an eye on.
For simplicity's sake, we have split these out into leading and lagging indicators.
Top leading indicators:
1. The stock market
2. House prices
3. Bond yields
4. Production and manufacturing statistics
5. Retail sales
6. Interest rates
Top lagging indicators:
1. GDP growth rates
2. The Consumer Price Index (CPI) and inflation
3. Currency strength and stability
4. Labour market statistics
5. Commodity prices
A procurement professional may find stock market data from the security exchange, while most lagging indicators (such as GDP, CPI, unemployment rate, currency and inflation rate, etc) can be found from government statistics data.
Reference:
- CIPS study guide page 117-118
- What Are the Key Macroeconomic Indicators?| IG EN
LO 2, AC 2.2
NEW QUESTION # 116
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