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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Test Implementation and Execution | 10% | - Test data preparation and management - Designing test procedures and test cases - Executing tests and documenting results - Defect logging and root cause analysis support |
| Test Analysis and Test Design | 51% | - Black-box test techniques
|
| Evaluating Test Results and Reporting | 9% | - Assessing requirement and risk coverage - Improving test processes and defect detection - Analyzing test results and coverage - Reporting test progress and quality status |
| Test Analyst Tasks in Risk-Based Testing | 15% | - Product risk analysis and assessment - Risk-based test prioritization and scope definition - Regression testing scope based on change impact |
| The Test Analyst Role in the Software Development Lifecycle | 15% | - Test analyst tasks across SDLC models - Contribution to test strategy and planning - Work products and stakeholder communication |
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36. Frage
You are working on a project to build a purchasing system. The main requirements for the system are that it shall:
* Allow users to enter details of items that they wish to have purchased and, from these details, create a purchase request.
* Take each purchase request through a workflow that will allow the requestor's line manager to approve the request, reject it or return it for clarification / modification.
* Forward approved requests to the Purchasing Department.
* Allow purchasers to find the best available supplier for each approved request and place the request on that supplier as a purchase order.
The solution is being developed according to the company's traditional V-model methodology. The requirements are clearly documented and include a business process model. Operational profiles have been created to guide performance testing.
Initial item entry will involve a check that each item entered exists on the master stock file and that the user is entitled to request it; this depends on user role and grade. Line manager authorization will be assisted by a recommendation made by the system according to relevant business rules, although the manager can override this recommendation. For approved requests, the workflow will continue to support the process through to placing of the purchase order.
Planning has begun for system testing and the Test Manager has asked you, the senior TA, to help with it.
What would be the MOST effective techniques for functional testing of this project?
a) Combinatorial testing
b) Random testing
c) CRUD testing
d) State transition testing
e) Scenario-based testing
f) Decision table testing
g) Exploratory testing
Antwort: D
Begründung:
The correct answer is D because the scenario gives three strong test-basis signals: a workflow, a business process model, and business rules. CTAL-TA v4.0 classifies relevant black-box techniques into data-based, behavior-based, and rule-based techniques, and explicitly includes state transition testing, scenario-based testing, and decision table testing within Chapter 3 test analysis and design. It also requires the Test Analyst to select appropriate techniques for a given situation.
State transition testing fits the purchase request workflow because requests move between states such as created, approved, rejected, returned for clarification, forwarded, and converted to purchase order. CTAL-TA states that behavior-based techniques derive tests from state-dependent or dynamic behavior. Scenario-based testing fits because the requirements include a business process model and end-to-end purchasing flows.
CTAL-TA states that scenario-based testing evaluates behavior in realistic workflows and may use activity diagrams, use cases, flowcharts, or BPMN models. Decision table testing fits because entitlement checks and manager recommendations are driven by business rules involving role, grade, and authorization logic. Rule- based techniques verify stateless business-rule behavior.
Combinatorial testing may help with input combinations, but it is not the best overall functional set here.
Random and exploratory testing are weak choices because the requirements are clear and formal.
37. Frage
You are working on a project to build a purchasing system. The main requirements for the system are that it shall:
* Allow users to enter details of items that they wish to have purchased and, from these details, create a purchase request.
* Take each purchase request through a workflow that will allow the requestor's line manager to approve the request, reject it or return it for clarification / modification.
* Forward approved requests to the Purchasing Department.
* Allow purchasers to find the best available supplier for each approved request and place the request on that supplier as a purchase order.
The solution is being developed according to the company's traditional V-model methodology. The requirements are clearly documented and include a business process model.
The main release has now been live for three months and you are working on the first maintenance release.
The test manager has asked you, the senior TA, to identify those parts of the test process which were most and least effective at finding defects in the main release.
You have collected statistics for the independent test activities, i.e. excluding developers' testing, including only the 178 defects in the three highest of your five defect severity levels. The results are presented in the table below:
Assume that all defects not found at the first opportunity could have been, e.g. that all defects that escaped into acceptance testing were within the scope and objectives of system testing. By applying Defect detection percentage (DDP) analysis, which test activity was LEAST effective?
Antwort: B
Begründung:
The correct answer is B . CTAL-TA v4.0 explains that Defect Detection Percentage is used to evaluate how effectively a test level or activity detects defects, and a low DDP indicates a high percentage of escaped defects, meaning the activity was ineffective and should be analyzed for improvement. The official CTAL-TA sample-answer material gives the formula as DDP = D / (D + E) , where D is defects detected in that phase and E is defects that escaped that phase and were detected later.
For test analysis including requirements review , only requirements defects are in scope at the first opportunity. It found 13 requirements defects, while 52 requirements defects escaped and were found later: 12 in test design, 20 in system testing, 10 in acceptance testing, and 10 in live operation. Therefore, DDP = 13 / (13 + 52) = 13 / 65 = 20% .
For comparison, test design found 40 of the 100 defects it could have found, so DDP = 40% . System testing found 75 of 125 possible remaining defects, so DDP = 60% . Acceptance testing found 25 of 50 possible remaining defects, so DDP = 50% . The lowest DDP is therefore test analysis, including requirements review . Reference: CTAL-TA v4.0, Section 5.3.1 Analyzing Test Results to Improve Defect Detection .
38. Frage
You are developing test cases for an application which performs complex calculations and have decided to model these calculations on a spreadsheet, to determine expected results from inputs.
Which solution to the test oracle problem BEST describes the approach you are using?
Antwort: B
Begründung:
The correct answer is D . A spreadsheet model used to calculate expected results is best classified as a pseudo- oracle when it has been developed independently from the test object and is used to produce expected outcomes for comparison with the system under test. CTAL-TA v4.0 explains that a test oracle is needed to determine expected results in dynamic testing, and that the test oracle problem occurs when a cost-effective oracle is not readily available because of factors such as data-related complexity, non-determinism, probabilistic behavior, or ambiguous requirements. The syllabus identifies pseudo-oracles as independently developed systems that fulfill the same specification as the test object, including simplified versions of the test object.
Here, the application performs complex calculations, and the spreadsheet is being used as an independent calculation model to determine expected results from the same inputs. That is the classic pseudo-oracle pattern. Option A is wrong because property-based testing verifies general input/output properties rather than exact expected calculation results. Option B is wrong because metamorphic testing checks relations between source and follow-up test cases, not a full expected result from a spreadsheet. Option C is not the named CTAL-TA oracle solution being used here. Reference: CTAL-TA v4.0, Section 1.3.4 Determining Test Oracles .
39. Frage
You are defining key words to test an application which will create a Purchase Request (PR) from details of goods that a Merchandiser wants their organization to buy. When valid details have been entered, the resulting PR will be sent to the Merchandise Manager for authorization.
You have a diagram in Business Process Modeling Notation and this section shows the initial steps in this process:
For the first process, when "Something is needed" , which option contains the MOST appropriate keywords for action and verification?
Antwort: A
Begründung:
The correct answer is B . In CTAL-TA v4.0 keyword-driven testing, the Test Analyst identifies and specifies keywords by analyzing the test basis. Keywords are classified into action keywords and verification keywords . Action keywords interact with the test object, such as executing a function, submitting data, or navigating through the application. Verification keywords represent assertions that check whether the actual result matches the expected result. The syllabus also states that keywords should contain a verb plus noun , use the imperative form , and be unique in meaning.
Option B , Enter Required Goods / Check PR Created , is strongest because both keywords use imperative verb-based wording. Enter Required Goods is an action keyword because it describes the business action performed by the Merchandiser. Check PR Created is a verification keyword because it checks the expected result: a Purchase Request has been created.
Option A is weak because Required Goods is only a noun phrase, not an action keyword. Option C has a reasonable action, but Is PR Created? is phrased as a question rather than an imperative verification keyword. Option D uses noun-style labels rather than clear executable keywords. Reference: CTAL-TA v4.0, Section 1.3.6 Developing Test Scripts Using Keyword-Driven Testing .
40. Frage
You are your employer's most experienced TA. The organisation performs root cause analysis (RCA) thoroughly, but infrequently and only on individual defects that went live at the highest of the five Severity levels.
After six months of live operation for one system, particular concern has been expressed about the volume of usability and security defects and there is a strong desire to reduce their quantities. You have recommended adding product quality characteristics, per ISO 25010, to the defect report template.
How might this recommendation support RCA?
Antwort: C
Begründung:
The correct answer is B . The organization already performs RCA, but only infrequently and only for individual live defects at the highest severity level. That approach misses recurring lower-severity or medium- severity defect patterns, especially where many defects share the same quality concern. CTAL-TA v4.0 includes supporting root cause analysis with defect classification and aligns the syllabus with the ISO/IEC
25010:2023 product quality model, including quality characteristics such as functional suitability, usability, security, compatibility, and others.
Adding Quality Characteristic to the defect report template enables defects to be grouped by the quality attribute they affect. Combined with Severity , this allows the team to isolate clusters such as high-volume usability defects or serious security defects and then perform RCA on a meaningful defect group rather than only on isolated live failures. That directly supports the stated goal: reducing the quantities of usability and security defects.
Option A is partly useful because Pareto analysis can identify high-volume categories, but by itself it is defect counting, not the strongest RCA support. Option C concerns defect detection percentage, which is a different analysis objective. Option D is weak because "how the defect was fixed" may help investigation, but it does not provide the systematic classification needed to target recurring root causes. Reference: CTAL-TA v4.0, Sections 5.3.2 Supporting Root Cause Analysis with Defect Classification and Appendix F Software Quality Model .
41. Frage
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