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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Asymmetric Encryption & Public Key Infrastructure | 25% | - Certificate lifecycle: creation, validation, revocation - Digital signatures: purpose and process - Algorithms: RSA, ECC, Diffie-Hellman - PKI components: certificates, CAs, trust models - Principles: public/private key pairs |
| Topic 2: Cryptography Fundamentals | 20% | - Historical evolution and modern applications - Core goals: confidentiality, integrity, authentication, non-repudiation - Basic terminology: plaintext, ciphertext, algorithm, key |
| Topic 3: Symmetric Encryption | 25% | - Key generation, distribution, and management challenges - Block vs stream ciphers, modes of operation (ECB, CBC, OFB, CFB) - Principles and operation - Algorithms: AES, DES, 3DES, Blowfish |
| Topic 4: Hash Functions & Data Integrity | 15% | - Uses: integrity checks, password storage, message authentication - HMAC construction and application - Algorithms: SHA-1, SHA-256, SHA-3, MD5 - Properties: collision resistance, one-way function |
| Topic 5: Key Management & Secure Protocols | 10% | - Key generation, storage, exchange, and destruction - Cryptographic attacks: brute force, birthday, man-in-the-middle - Secure protocols: TLS/SSL, IPsec, SSH, PGP |
| Topic 6: Implementation & Best Practices | 5% | - Standards and compliance - Selecting appropriate algorithms and key sizes - Common mistakes and vulnerabilities |
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問題 #47
(Quantum computing poses a threat to which cryptographic algorithm?)
答案：B
解題說明：
Large-scale quantum computers threaten many widely deployed public-key algorithms because quantum algorithms can solve their underlying hard math problems efficiently. In particular, Shor's algorithm can factor large integers and compute discrete logarithms in polynomial time, which directly breaks the security assumptions of RSA (factoring) and traditional Diffie-Hellman/ECC (discrete log). That makes RSA the clearest target among the options. By comparison, symmetric algorithms like AES are affected mainly by Grover's algorithm, which provides a quadratic speedup for brute force; this can be mitigated by using larger keys (e.g., AES-256). Hash functions like SHA-256 also face Grover-style speedups for preimage search, again mitigated by output length/security margin, and collision resistance is impacted differently. ECB is a mode of operation, not a standalone algorithm, and its issues are classical (pattern leakage), not specifically quantum. Therefore, the algorithm most directly threatened by quantum computing among the choices is RSA.
問題 #48
(What is the value of 51 mod 11?)
答案：D
解題說明：
The value 51 mod 11 is the remainder after dividing 51 by 11. Modular arithmetic is widely used in cryptography to keep computations within a finite set of residues, such as in RSA where values are taken modulo n, or in Diffie-Hellman where exponents and group elements are reduced modulo a prime. To compute 51 mod 11, find the largest multiple of 11 less than or equal to 51. Multiples of 11 are 11, 22, 33, 44, 55. The closest without exceeding 51 is 44. Subtracting gives 51 # 44 = 7, so the remainder is 7. Therefore, 51 mod 11 = 7, matching option "07." This remainder is always in the range
0 through 10 because the modulus is 11. Such residue computations underpin the "wraparound" behavior that makes modular exponentiation and inverse computations well-defined in cryptographic groups.
問題 #49
(Which symmetric encryption technique uses a 112-bit key size and a 64-bit block size?)
答案：A
解題說明：
3DES (Triple DES) is a symmetric block cipher that retains DES's 64-bit block size while increasing effective security by applying DES multiple times. The common "two-key 3DES" variant uses two independent 56-bit DES keys (K1 and K2) in an Encrypt-Decrypt-Encrypt (EDE) sequence: Encrypt with K1, Decrypt with K2, then Encrypt again with K1. Because each DES key is 56 bits (ignoring parity bits), the total keying material is 112 bits. This matches the question's "112-bit key size and 64- bit block size." Plain DES uses only a 56-bit effective key and a 64-bit block size, so it does not match the 112-bit key size. AES has a 128-bit block size and key sizes of 128/192/256. IDEA uses a 64-bit block size but has a 128-bit key. Therefore, the correct algorithm is 3DES. Although 3DES improved on DES, it is now considered legacy due to its small 64-bit block size (birthday-bound issues for large data volumes) and performance overhead compared to AES.
問題 #50
(Which wireless security standard uses an authentication server with 802.1X and EAP?)
答案：C
解題說明：
802.1X is a port-based network access control framework that enables centralized authentication using an authentication server (commonly RADIUS). EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol) runs within 802.1X to support many credential types (password-based methods like PEAP, certificate-based methods like EAP-TLS, and others). WPA-Enterprise is the wireless security mode that explicitly uses 802.1X + EAP with an authentication server to perform per-user/per-device authentication and to derive dynamic session keys. By contrast, WPA-PSK uses a pre-shared key without an external authentication server; all users share the same PSK, which is weaker for enterprise identity management. WEP is an older mechanism using static keys and does not provide modern 802.1X/EAP enterprise authentication in the WPA-Enterprise sense. TKIP is an encryption/integrity protocol used under WPA, not the full authentication "standard" involving an authentication server. Therefore, the correct choice is WPA-Enterprise.
問題 #51
(What is the value of 23 mod 6?)
答案：C
解題說明：
The expression 23 mod 6 asks for the remainder when 23 is divided by 6. Modular arithmetic is foundational in cryptography, especially in public-key systems (RSA, Diffie-Hellman, ECC) where operations occur in finite rings or fields. To compute 23 mod 6, identify the largest multiple of 6 that does not exceed 23.
Multiples of 6 are 6, 12, 18, 24. Since 24 is greater than 23, the largest valid multiple is 18. Subtract: 23 # 18
= 5, so the remainder is 5. Therefore, 23 mod 6 = 5, which corresponds to option "05." Modular reduction keeps numbers within a fixed range (0 to modulus#1), enabling stable arithmetic under wraparound behavior.
In cryptographic protocols, this wraparound property is essential for defining groups and ensuring operations remain bounded and consistent.
問題 #52
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從Google Drive中免費下載最新的VCESoft Introduction-to-Cryptography PDF版考試題庫：https://drive.google.com/open?id=1zN5BVnnkJGA7wmbAEogwtfdQbZysZWAL