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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Troubleshooting and Operations | - Performance and monitoring
|
| OSPF and IS-IS Routing Protocols | - OSPF configuration and troubleshooting
|
| Service Provider Architecture & Junos Fundamentals | - Junos OS routing fundamentals
|
| BGP and Routing Policy | - Routing policy control
|
| MPLS and Service Provider Technologies | - VPN services
|
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NEW QUESTION # 131
You are troubleshooting two OSPF routers that have an adjacency that remains in the ExStart state. What would cause this problem?
Answer: B
Explanation:
The problem occurs most frequently when you attempt to run OSPF between a Cisco router and another vendor router. The problem occurs when the maximum transmission unit (MTU) settings for neighboring router interfaces do not match. If the router with the higher MTU sends a packet larger that the MTU set on the neighboring router, the neighbor router ignores the packet.
A mismatched Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) setting on OSPF interfaces can cause routers to get stuck in the ExStart state. OSPF requires that both sides of a link have the same MTU to form a full adjacency.
NEW QUESTION # 132
During MPLS forwarding, which operation describes the act of imposing a label onto an unlabeled packet?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Label push is the MPLS operation in which a label is added to an unlabeled packet as it enters the MPLS domain. The ingress label switching router assigns the label and places it on the packet so that subsequent routers can forward it based on the MPLS label instead of the IP header.
NEW QUESTION # 133
You must ensure that your routing platform with redundant REs continues to forward packets, even if one RE fails. Which technology would you use to accomplish this task?
Answer: A
Explanation:
For Juniper platforms equipped with dualRouting Engines (REs), the fundamental technology required to provide high availability during a hardware or software failure of the primary RE isGraceful Routing Engine Switchover (GRES).
According to Juniper Networks technical documentation, GRES allows the backup RE to stay in a "hot" standby state. When GRES is enabled, the primary RE synchronizes critical state information with the backup RE, specifically thechassis stateand theinterface state. This synchronization includes the Packet Forwarding Engine (PFE) configuration.
When the primary RE fails, the backup RE takes over immediately. Because the PFE (which resides on the line cards) was already synchronized and is not restarted during the switchover, the routercontinues to forward packetsthat are already in flight or part of established flows. This prevents a complete network outage during an RE failover.
Comparison with other options:
* NSB (Non-Stop Bridging - Option A):Focuses specifically on maintaining Layer 2 protocol states (like STP) during a switchover.
* LAG (Link Aggregation - Option B):Provides redundancy for physical links, not the control plane or the RE.
* BFD (Bidirectional Forwarding Detection - Option C):Is a protocol used for rapid detection of link or neighbor failures; it does not protect the RE or maintain forwarding during an internal switchover.
It is important to note that while GRES maintains theforwardingstate, it does not by itself maintain therouting protocolstate (adjacencies). To keep OSPF or BGP sessions from dropping during the switchover, GRES must be paired withNon-Stop Active Routing (NSR). However, as the question focuses on the core requirement of continuing to forward packets,GRESis the foundational technology.
NEW QUESTION # 134
During OSPF neighbor establishment, which packet type is used to describe the contents of the link-state database?
Answer: D
Explanation:
In theOSPF (Open Shortest Path First)protocol, ensuring that all routers within an area have a synchronized Link-State Database (LSDB)is fundamental to building a consistent loop-free topology. During the adjacency formation process-specifically when transitioning from theExStartstate to theExchangestate- routers must determine what information they are missing from their neighbors without sending the entire database at once, which would be highly inefficient.
TheDatabase Description (DBD)packet, also known as a DDP, is the mechanism used for this summary exchange. According to Juniper Networks technical documentation, the DBD packet does not contain full Link-State Advertisements (LSAs). Instead, it contains only theLSA headers, which include the LSA type, the ID of the advertising router, and the sequence number.
By exchanging these headers, a Juniper router can compare the neighbor's database summary against its own local LSDB. If the router identifies a header in the DBD packet that represents a newer or missing entry, it records that LSA in its "Link-State Request List." This collaborative "handshake" ensures that only the necessary, updated information is requested in the subsequentLink-State Request (LSR)phase. It is important to distinguish this from theLink-State PDU (LSP)mentioned in Option D, which is actually the term used in the IS-IS protocol, not OSPF. In OSPF, the functional unit is the LSA, and the transport vehicle for the initial summary is the DBD packet. This methodical synchronization is what allows OSPF to scale effectively in large service provider environments.
NEW QUESTION # 135
You are bringing a new network online with three MX Series devices enabled for STP. No root bridge priority has been configured. Which statement is true in this scenario?
Answer: A
Explanation:
The root bridge in a spanning-tree network is the bridge with the smallest or the lowest bridge ID.
In the absence of a manually configured priority, the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) elects the root bridge based on the lowest bridge ID, which is a combination of the priority and the MAC address.
The device with the lowest MAC address will have the lowest bridge ID and thus be elected as the root bridge.
NEW QUESTION # 136
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