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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Dentistry | - Dental prophylaxis procedures - Oral anatomy and disease recognition |
| Topic 2: Surgical Nursing | - Sterile technique and instrumentation - Preoperative and postoperative care |
| Topic 3: Emergency Medicine and Critical Care | - Triage and stabilization - Shock management and CPR |
| Topic 4: Pharmacology | - Dosage calculations and administration - Drug classifications and uses |
| Topic 5: Laboratory Procedures | - Hematology and clinical pathology - Urinalysis and microbiology |
| Topic 6: Pain Management and Analgesia | - Pain assessment techniques - Analgesic drug use |
| Topic 7: Diagnostic Imaging | - Image processing and interpretation basics - Radiography positioning and safety |
| Topic 8: Anesthesia | - Anesthetic protocols and equipment - Anesthetic monitoring |
| Topic 9: Animal Care and Nursing | - Patient handling and restraint - Nutrition and husbandry |
Sie sollen Methode zum Erfolg, nicht Einwände für die Niederlage finden. Es ist doch nicht so schwer, die AAVSB VTNE Zertifizierungsprüfung zu bestehen. Die Schulungsunterlagen zur AAVSB VTNE Zertifizierungsprüfung von Zertpruefung zu wählen ist eine gute Wahl, die Ihnen zum Bestehen der AAVSB VTNE Prüfung verhelfen. Sie sind auch die beste Abkürzung zum Erfolg. Jeder will Erfolg erlangen. Hauptsache, man muss richtige Wahl treffen.
771. Frage
A 40-kg dog needs to receive IV fluids at 66 ml/kg/d. There are no fluid pumps available so the drip rate needs to be calculated using a 10 drops/mL administration set.
How many drops should there be per 15 seconds?
Antwort: D
Begründung:
Calculate the administration rate in mL/d: 40 kg x (66 mL/kg/d) = 2640 mL/d Convert time downward in steps: (2640 mL/d) / (24 hr/d) / (60 min/hr) / 4 (there are 4 periods of 15 seconds per minute) = 0.458 mL per 15 sec Convert mL to drops: 0.458 mL x (10 drops/mL) = 4.6 drops should be counted per 15 sec
772. Frage
Taking a good history is important in all species. When considering birds, the history may give you significant information above and beyond what the owner can contribute from physical observations. Since many of our medical concerns in exotic species arise due to poor husbandry practices, ensuring a complete history in all exotics is paramount.
When considering the diet and appetite of the bird, all of the following are key questions to ask, except:
Antwort: A
Begründung:
When considering nutrition, we want to ask about food and water changes. Changes in water consumption can aid in differential diagnoses. Further, suppose the owner offered bottled water, ran out, and is now offering tap water. In that case, the bird may have stopped drinking sufficiently due to impurities or taste differences. It could also speak to hydration status.
When discussing food/water concerns, we want to know the following:
*What food do they feed? This includes the percentage of the diet that comes from commercially-prepared foods, seeds, nuts, vegetables, and/or fruits. All too commonly, we find that birds are fed seeds exclusively, increasing the risk of dietary deficiencies and potential disease states. Have there been any changes in the foods fed in the past one to two months?
*How often is the bird fed?
*How much food is fed at each sitting?
*Does the owner add any vitamins or minerals to the food?
*How often does the water get changed? What is the water source, and has that changed?
Asking about stool/feces/droppings is also critical to a good history-taking. Feces are indirectly tied to food/appetite. With decreased appetites, we would expect a drop in fecal quantity. However, if the bird is drinking excessively, we would expect an increase in the uric acid component of the droppings. The following information is important to know:
*Consistency of the droppings
*Color of the droppings
*Number of droppings daily
*If there is any noteworthy odor to the droppings
Other key information for avian history includes:
*Bird's origin
*Bird's age and related signalment information
*Environment, including cage dimensions, perches, substrates, and more
*Enrichment/exercise
*Other pets and exposure to those animals
*Sleep habits
*Molting cycle
*Behavior: What are normal behaviors, and how have the behaviors changed since the drop in appetite?
*Previous pertinent medical history
*Any medications
*Chief complaint/presentation/reason for appointment/visit
773. Frage
Elevations in BUN (blood urea nitrogen) and CREA (creatinine) can occur for various reasons. When the BUN is elevated with a normal CREA, this may occur for all of the following reasons. except:
Antwort: C
Begründung:
Creatinine is a by-product of muscle metabolism, almost constantly produced and filtered by the kidneys. However, while BUN tends to be dynamic, CREA remains more stable. Thus, changes in CREA tend to occur with primary kidney disease (a malfunction of the glomeruli) or with increased muscle activity. The CREA levels may be altered by shock (prerenal factor), dehydration, primary kidney disease (renal), and post-renal abnormalities, including urethral obstruction.
Because it is a by-product of muscle metabolism, patients with sarcopenia (natural loss of muscle with aging) won't have the ability to increase CREA as significantly relative to the BUN, simply because they lack the muscle component. So, animals with low muscle mass may still be azotemic (elevated BUN/CREA) but cannot manifest the number as high as expected. Thus, the numbers need to be interpreted based on the reference ranges and patient findings.
Alternatively, BUN is not a specific kidney enzyme. It represents the end product of protein metabolism primarily excreted via the kidneys. BUN levels help evaluate glomerular filtration and kidney function, as the renal tubules reabsorb 40% of BUN. But it is more dynamic than that CREA. Changes to BUN can occur without kidney involvement, and these include:
*Bleeding in the GI tract
*Large protein meal ingestion and absorption
*The presence of a fever
*Steroid use
BUN may be lower than normal in cases of anorexia, kidney tubular damage, or liver disease.
774. Frage
If a veterinary patient's pain is caused by intestinal foreign body obstruction, which type of pain does the patient have?
Antwort: A
Begründung:
There are many causes of visceral pain, including inflammation within body cavities (peritonitis, pancreatitis), organs with distended walls (bowel, urinary bladder, gallbladder), and solid organs with capsular distention (liver and splenic masses).
Oncologic pain is caused by cancer. Both a primary tumor and metastatic disease can cause this type of pain. Neuropathic pain originates from nerves (spinal cord compression, amputation). Inflammatory pain comes from the regional extension of inflammatory mediators (a wound, an abscess, or from a surgical incision, for example).
775. Frage
What is the surgery of choice for prostatitis?
Antwort: D
Begründung:
Castration is the surgery of choice for prostatitis. The prostate is an accessory sex gland, so it is heavily affected by the hormones produced by the testicles.
Anal sac removal, placement of a purse string, or an intestinal resection would not benefit patients with prostatitis.
776. Frage
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