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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| BGP and External Networking | 6% | - Connecting Cilium Clusters to External Networks - Egress Connectivity |
| Network Policy | 18% | - Policy Rules and Enforcement - Identity-Based Network Security |
| Service Mesh | 16% | - Ingress and Gateway API - Traffic Encryption and Service Mesh Architectures |
| Cluster Mesh | 10% | - Multi-Cluster Connectivity - Service Discovery and Load Balancing |
| Architecture | 20% | - IP Address Management and Datapath Models - Cilium Architecture and Components |
| Installation and Configuration | 10% | - Installation and Connectivity Testing - Cilium CLI and Configuration |
| eBPF | 10% | - eBPF and iptables-Based Networking - eBPF Role and Benefits |
| Network Observability | 10% | - Hubble CLI and UI - Hubble and Layer 7 Visibility |
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NEW QUESTION # 20 
Cilium status exhibit
Based on the cilium status output above, what is correct about the Cilium deployment?
For accessibility, the output of the command has been edited.
Answer: C
Explanation:
Technical explanation
The status output reports Operator: OK , followed by Deployment cilium-operator Desired: 1, Ready: 1/1, Available: 1/1 . This establishes that the Cilium Operator is deployed and healthy, making B the intended answer. Cilium uses Kubernetes CustomResourceDefinitions as its default mechanism for storing and propagating cluster state, while the operator performs cluster-wide duties that should be handled once centrally rather than independently on every node.
Option A is contradicted by the exhibit: both hubble-ui and hubble-relay appear as ready deployments and running containers. Option C is incorrect because the resource is explicitly identified as a Deployment ; the cilium agents, by contrast, are shown as a DaemonSet . Option D incorrectly treats the displayed desired replica count as a permanent restriction. A desired count of one describes this installation's current configuration, not a universal maximum.
The exhibit also shows embedded Envoy mode and three healthy Cilium agent instances, but neither detail changes the operator conclusion.
Official references
Cilium Component Overview , Setting up Hubble Observability
Study Guide topic: Cilium components, Cilium Operator, CRD-backed state, and status interpretation.
NEW QUESTION # 21
The application team would like to observe egress traffic with application level information for workloads running in a Cilium based Kubernetes Cluster Which features would offer this without the need for additional tooling?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Hubble UI and Hubble CLI are Cilium's integrated interfaces for examining workload network flows. Hubble records source and destination identities, namespaces, workloads, addresses, ports, forwarding verdicts, and drop reasons. When Layer 7 visibility is configured, its flow output can also contain application-level information such as HTTP methods, URLs, response codes, latency, and DNS queries. Filters can narrow the results by source workload, namespace, destination, protocol, port, or verdict, making Hubble appropriate for investigating egress behavior.
Hubble CLI provides detailed event-oriented inspection, while Hubble UI presents flows and service dependencies graphically. Hubble Relay aggregates the per-node Hubble APIs so these clients can obtain cluster-wide visibility.
Load balancing directs traffic but is not an observability interface. Kubernetes NetworkPolicy expresses permitted communications but does not by itself display application-level flow records. Fluentd and Grafana are external logging and visualization components and would violate the requirement to avoid additional tooling.
Layer 7 information requires supported traffic to be redirected through Cilium's L7 proxy. Hubble then exposes the resulting application-layer flow events through the built-in CLI or UI, making D the complete answer.
Official references
Network Observability with Hubble ; Inspecting Network Flows .
Study Guide topic: Network Observability.
NEW QUESTION # 22
If you are required to block ingress traffic from external IPs for all pods in your cluster, which of the following network policies would be the best fit?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Technical explanation
A cluster-wide requirement is best implemented with CiliumClusterwideNetworkPolicy , whose correct resource spelling is CiliumClusterwideNetworkPolicy . Unlike a namespaced CiliumNetworkPolicy , this Cilium CRD is non-namespaced and can select endpoints across the entire cluster.
To deny external ingress for every Cilium-managed pod, a cluster-wide policy can use an empty endpointSelector and an ingressDeny rule selecting the world entity. Cilium defines world as network endpoints outside the cluster. An alternative allow-list construction can permit only the cluster entity, thereby excluding external sources, but an explicit deny rule usually communicates the requirement more directly.
A standard Kubernetes NetworkPolicy and a CiliumNetworkPolicy are namespaced, requiring repeated resources in every applicable namespace. CiliumGlobalPolicy is not a valid Cilium resource type. Although the option capitalizes "Wide" differently from the actual kind, D unmistakably identifies the intended cluster- scoped policy.
Official references
Cilium Deny Policies , Cilium Network Policy Types
Study Guide topic: Cluster-scoped policies, external traffic, and reserved entities.
NEW QUESTION # 23
What does this Egress Gateway policy achieve?
Cilium Egress Gateway policy exhibit
Answer: A
Explanation:
Cilium's official documentation confirms that a CiliumEgressGatewayPolicy selects traffic originating from matching pods , routes traffic destined for the configured destinationCIDRs through the selected egress gateway node, and SNATs that traffic using the configured egressIP.
NEW QUESTION # 24
What is a correct statement related to BIG TCP, an eBPF-based feature in Cilium?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Technical explanation
BIG TCP permits the Linux networking stack to process packets larger than the traditional approximately 64- KiB limit represented by the IP length field while the packets remain inside the host. IPv6 BIG TCP uses a temporary Hop-by-Hop header carrying the larger internal length, while IPv4 BIG TCP sets tot_len to zero and uses the socket buffer length internally. Before transmission, packets are segmented into sizes suitable for the physical network. C therefore identifies the problem BIG TCP addresses.
Option A is false because Cilium's documentation explicitly states that BIG TCP does not require network- interface MTU changes. The larger objects exist inside the software networking stack and are segmented before appearing on the wire.
Option B reverses the intended performance effect. Larger internal GSO and GRO packets reduce repeated stack traversal, lowering CPU utilization and generally improving throughput and latency. Option D is also false: Generic Segmentation Offload and Generic Receive Offload are fundamental to BIG TCP's operation.
Cilium increases their maximum sizes when BIG TCP is enabled. The source mentions TSO, but the documented mechanism is principally described through GSO and GRO.
Official references
Cilium Performance Tuning and BIG TCP
Study Guide topic: BIG TCP, GSO/GRO, packet-length limits, and performance.
NEW QUESTION # 25
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