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질문 # 107
What feature of 802.1 lax (HE) may impact design decisions related to AP placement and the spacing between same-channel BSS cells (3SAs) because it is designed to reduce overlapping BSS contention?
정답：D
설명：
In the 802.11ax (High Efficiency, HE) amendment, one of the key features introduced is BSS (Basic Service Set) Coloring. This feature is designed to mitigate issues arising from overlapping BSSs (OBSS), which can lead to contention and interference in dense wireless environments. BSS Coloring works by:
* Assigning a "color" (a small number) to each BSS: This helps devices differentiate between frames from their own BSS and those from neighboring BSSs.
* Reducing Inter-BSS Interference: Devices can ignore frames from different BSSs (with a different
"color") under certain conditions, reducing the impact of OBSS interference.
* Improving Spatial Reuse: By distinguishing between transmissions from different BSSs, devices can make more informed decisions about when to transmit, improving the efficiency of spatial reuse and reducing unnecessary contention.
This feature directly impacts design decisions related to AP placement and the spacing between same-channel BSS cells, as it allows for closer placement of APs on the same channel without significantly increasing interference, thus improving overall network capacity and efficiency.
The other options, while features of 802.11ax, do not directly pertain to reducing overlapping BSS contention in the same manner:
* TWT (Target Wake Time)optimizes device sleep schedules to conserve power.
* Uplink MU-MIMOenhances uplink data transmission capabilities but doesn't specifically address
* OBSS contention.
* 6 GHz Band Supportintroduces new spectrum for Wi-Fi use but is not a feature aimed at reducing OBSS contention within the 802.11ax framework.
Therefore, the correct answer is B, BSS Color.
References:
* IEEE 802.11ax-2021: Enhancements for High Efficiency WLAN.
* CWNA Certified Wireless Network Administrator Official Study Guide: ExamCWNA-109, by David D: Coleman and David A. Westcott.
질문 # 108
What best describes WPA2 in relation to 802.11 wireless networks?
정답：C
설명：
WPA2 (Wi-Fi Protected Access 2) is a security certification program developed by the Wi-Fi Alliance to secure wireless computer networks. It is important to understand the following:
* WPA2 and the 802.11 Standard: While WPA2 is based on elements of the 802.11i amendment to the
802.11 standard, it is not itself a standard but rather a certification to ensure devices comply with certain security criteria, including the correct implementation of CCMP (Counter Mode Cipher Block Chaining Message Authentication Code Protocol) and AES (Advanced Encryption Standard).
* CCMP/AES Implementation: WPA2 enhances the security of wireless networks by using CCMP for encryption, which is based on AES, a robust encryption algorithm. This represents a significant security improvement over WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) and WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) that used TKIP (Temporal Key Integrity Protocol).
* WPA vs. WPA2: WPA was the interim security enhancement over WEP, utilizing TKIP for encryption. WPA2, however, moved to the more secure AES-based encryption method. Contrary to option C, WPA2 does not enhance security by using TKIP; it uses CCMP/AES.
Therefore, option B correctly describes WPA2 as a certification program ensuring devices properly implement the more secure CCMP/AES encryption methods.
References:
Wi-Fi Alliance website for WPA2 certification details.
IEEE 802.11i-2004: Amendment for Enhanced Security.
질문 # 109
When considering data rates available in HT and VHT PHY devices, in addition to the modulation, coding, channel width, and spatial streams, what impacts the data rate according to the MCS tables?
정답：B
설명：
The guard interval is a short period of time inserted between the symbols of an OFDM signal to prevent inter-symbol interference and improve the robustness of the transmission. The guard interval can have different values depending on the 802.11 standard and the configuration of the device. For example, 802.11n supports two guard intervals: 800 ns (normal) and 400 ns (short).
802.11ac supports the same guard intervals as 802.11n, plus an optional 200 ns guard interval for 80 MHz and 160 MHz channels. 802.11ax supports three guard intervals: 800 ns, 1600 ns, and 3200 ns.
The guard interval affects the data rate because it determines the duration of each symbol. A shorter guard interval means more symbols can be transmitted in a given time, resulting in a higher data rate. However, a shorter guard interval also means less protection against inter- symbol interference, which may degrade the signal quality and increase the error rate. Therefore, there is a trade-off between data rate and reliability when choosing the guard interval. The MCS tables for HT and VHT PHY devices show the data rates for different combinations of modulation, coding, channel width, spatial streams, and guard intervals. For example, for a VHT device using MCS 9 with QAM-256 modulation, 5/6 coding rate, 80 MHz channel width, and one spatial stream, the data rate is 433.3 Mbps with a normal guard interval (800 ns) and 486.7 Mbps with a short guard interval (400 ns). Therefore, the guard interval impacts the data rate according to the MCS tables.
질문 # 110
You are tasked with performing a throughput test on the WLAN. The manager asks that you use open source tools to reduce costs. What open source tool is designed to perform a throughput test?
정답：A
설명：
iPerf is an open source tool that is designed to perform a throughput test on the WLAN. iPerf is a cross-platform command-line tool that can measure the bandwidth and quality of network links by generating TCP or UDP traffic between two endpoints.iPerf can run as either a server or a client mode, depending on whether it receives or sends traffic. iPerf can also report various metrics of network performance, such as throughput, jitter, packet loss, delay, and TCP window size. To perform a throughput test on the WLAN using iPerf, one device needs to run iPerf in server mode and another device needs to run iPerf in client mode. The devices need to be connected to the same WLAN network and have their IP addresses configured properly.
The device running iPerf in client mode needs to specify the IP address of the device running iPerf in server mode as well as other parameters such as protocol, port number, duration, interval, bandwidth limit, packet size, etc. The device running iPerf in server mode will listen for incoming connections from the client device and send back acknowledgments or responses depending on the protocol used. The device running iPerf in client mode will send traffic to the server device according to the specified parameters and measure the network performance. The device running iPerf in client mode will display the results of the throughput test at the end of the test or at regular intervals during the test. The results can show the average, minimum, maximum, and instantaneous throughput of the network link, as well as other metrics such as jitter, packet loss, delay, and TCP window size. References: 1, Chapter 7, page 287; 2, Section 4.3
질문 # 111
An RF signal sometimes bends as it passes through some material other than free space. What is the term that describes this behavior?
정답：C
설명：
Refraction is the bending of an RF signal as it passes through a medium with a different density than free space. This can cause the signal to change its direction and speed, which can affect the accuracy and reliability of wireless communication. Refraction is influenced by factors such as temperature, humidity, and atmospheric pressure.
질문 # 112
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