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国際証明書を取得することが既に決まっている場合は、すぐにL4M2試験対策を購入する必要があります。当社の製品は、業界で最高品質の製品として認定されています。知り合いの紹介を通じてL4M2トレーニング資料を知っている場合は、L4M2の利点も知っておく必要があります。私たちのコンテンツとデザインは私たちに良い評判を築いてきました。私たちのユーザーは私たちのために喜んでボランティアします。これは素晴らしい製品だと想像できます！次に、L4M2実際の試験の最も代表的な利点を紹介します。これらの利点が必要なものであるかどうかを考えることができます！
Defining Business Needsモジュールは、60の多肢選択問題で構成された試験によって評価されます。この試験は、プロフェッショナルがこのモジュールで習得した知識とスキルをテストするために設計されています。この試験は時間制限があり、2時間以内に完了する必要があります。この試験に合格したプロフェッショナルは、CIPSから修了証明書を受け取ることができます。
CIPS L4M2試験は、利害関係者の特定、市場調査の実施、データ分析、調達戦略の開発など、ビジネスニーズの定義に関連する広範なトピックをカバーしています。この試験は、候補者がビジネス要件を特定し優先順位を付け、ビジネス目標に合わせた調達戦略を開発し、調達ソリューションの効果を評価する能力を評価するために設計されています。この認定資格は、候補者に、組織全体の利害関係者と協力し、調達機能で価値を提供するために必要なスキルと知識を提供します。
弊社の商品は試験の範囲を広くカバーすることが他のサイトがなかなか及ばならないです。それほかに品質はもっと高くてCIPSのL4M2認定試験「Defining Business Needs」の受験生が最良の選択であり、成功の最高の保障でございます。
CIPS L4M2（ビジネスニーズの定義）認定試験は、異なる組織設定でビジネスニーズを効果的に定義するために必要な知識、スキル、能力を持つ専門家を装備するために設計された包括的な認定プログラムです。認定試験は、ビジネス分析で使用されるツール、技術、および方法論を深く理解し、ビジネスニーズを特定、分析、定義するために使用されるものに焦点を当てています。
質問 # 279
Which of the following is the process for improving the value of a new product or service?
正解：A
解説：
Value Engineering (VE) is concerned with new products. It is applied during product development. The focus is on reducing costs, improving function or both, by way of teamwork-based product evaluation and analysis. This takes place before any capital is invested in tooling, plant or equipment.
This is very significant, because according to many reports, up to 80% of a product's costs (throughout the rest of its life-cycle), are locked in at the design development stage. This is under-standable when you consider the design of any product determines many factors, such as tooling, plant and equipment, labour and skills, training costs, materials, shipping, installation, maintenance, as well as decommissioning and recycle costs.
Reference:
LO 3, AC 3.4
質問 # 280
Which of the following sources of information are considered as primary data? Select TWO that apply.
正解：A、B
解説：
The aim of this question is to check students' understanding of different types of data. There are 2 types of data:
- Primary data is the collection of original or raw data which are generated from field research. In this case, only RFI and surveys from customers are considered as primary data.
- On the other hand, secondary data is public information that has been collected by others. It is typically free or inexpensive to obtain and can act as a strong foundation to any research project - provided you know where to find it and how to judge its worth and relevance. Examples of secondary data are government statistics, industry associations, trade publications, published market reports, etc.
質問 # 281
A hospital extensively spends on medical and implantable devices, medical, surgical and pharma-ceutical supplies, costs of supplies related to buildings and maintenance operations. Hospital's procurement manager suggests that the hospital has an opportunity to reduce operational costs by reducing variation of medical devices and pharmaceutical supplies. Which of the following best describe the procurement manager's suggestion?
正解：A
解説：
The hospital is buying too many product variants. This may cause bottleneck in its operation and increase operational expense. So procurement manager suggests to standardise products.
This is an example of the benefits of product standardisation:
Saint Thomas Health, a system of 5 hospitals, needed to find a way to reduce costs. They were purchasing different SKUs for products that were very similar, in this case, labels. They bought label rolls for $3 and a very similar product for $1. This oversight in product purchases impacted the overall costs of the system.
After partnering with a sole source vendor it was able to save $200,000 over a four year span. They accomplished this simply by standardizing label products. These savings, however, only account for the immediate savings from standardizing products. The saving that are not factored into that number are the savings from soft or hidden costs.
On a national scale, hospitals lose millions of dollars per year in hidden expenses due to missed opportunities for cost containment and incorporation. Some of the hidden elements that increase overall costs for a healthcare provider include the following:
- Redundant purchasing
- Freight
- Excessive purchase orders
- Multiple vendor relations
- Low efficiency
- Joint commission fines
- HAI
By implementing product standardization, hospitals and health systems reduce vendors, are able to reduce SKUs, purchase orders, inefficiency, freight costs, fines, and off-contract spending. All of this adds up to large savings for the organization as a whole.
96% of the respondents in the survey agree that consolidating suppliers and standardizing product purchases across organization would reduce hidden costs.
Reference:
- CIPS study guide page 157-159
- 3 Ways Product Standardization Can Help You Get a Bonus - ConnectID (pdchealthcare.com) LO 3, AC 3.4
質問 # 282
What is the output of regression analysis?
正解：A
解説：
Regression refers to a quantitative measure of the relationship between one or more independent variables and a resulting dependent variable. Regression is of use to professionals in a wide range of fields from science and public service to financial analysis.
To perform a regression analysis, a statistician collects a set of data points, each including a com-plete set of dependent and independent variables. For example, the dependent variable could be a firm's stock price and the independent variables could be the Standard and Poor's 500 index and the national unemployment rate, assuming that the stock is not listed in the S&P 500. The sample set could be each of these three data sets for the past 20 years.
On a chart, these data points would appear as scatter plot, a set of points that may or may not appear to be organized along any line. If a linear pattern is apparent, it may be possible to sketch a line of best fit that minimizes the distance of those points from that line. If no organizing axis is visually apparent, regression analysis can generate a line based on the least squares method. This method builds the line which minimizes the squared distance of each point from the line of best fit.
Line of best fit is one of the most important outputs of regression analysis.
Reference:
- CIPS study guide page 99-100
- Line Of Best Fit (investopedia.com)
LO 2, AC 2.3
質問 # 283
Which of the following are likely to be disadvantages of using outcome-based specifications? Select THREE that apply
正解：A、B、E
解説：
An Outcome Based Specification (OBS) focuses on the desired outcome of a service in business terms, rather than a detailed technical specification of how the service is to be provided; this allows providers scope to propose innovative solutions that might not have occurred to the procurement team. Outcome should be distinguished from output, which is the measurable results of a set of inputs. The example of difference between outcome and output is written at the bottom of page 123 in the study guide.
Outcomes should be the starting point in making new specification. However, using outcome-based specification has some setbacks:
- First, it is not easy to measure the outcomes. Usually, outcome of a project is a statement like 'increase customer satisfaction', 'maintain ambient temperature' or 'provide a convenient way to do something'. They are not easy to measure as output.
- Second, sometimes the desired outcomes require time to be materialised
- Third, outcomes can be ambiguous
Reference: CIPS study guide page 122-123
LO3, AC 3.1
質問 # 284
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