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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Pharmacy and Pharmacology | 13% | - Preparation, dispensing, storage, safety and disposal - Controlled substance management - Drug classification, dosage calculation, administration routes - Anatomy, physiology, pathophysiology related to agents |
| Laboratory Procedures | 9% | - Hematology, clinical chemistry, urinalysis - Parasitology, microbiology, cytology - Sample collection, handling and processing |
| Surgical Nursing | 13% | - Surgical preparation, instrumentation, aseptic technique - Wound management, suture materials and techniques - Intraoperative and postoperative care |
| Dentistry | 7% | - Dental anatomy, disease recognition - Dental cleaning, polishing, radiography - Periodontal care and patient education |
| Pain Management / Analgesia | 7% | - Pain assessment, pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic control - Multimodal analgesia protocols |
| Animal Care and Nursing | 20% | - Physical examination, patient assessment - Infection control, sanitation, isolation - Husbandry, nutrition, fluid therapy - Specialized care for exotic, large or neonatal patients |
| Communication and Veterinary Professional Support Services | 5% | - Medical records, ethics, legal and regulatory compliance - Client education, communication techniques - Practice management, team collaboration |
| Diagnostic Imaging | 6% | - Radiography: positioning, safety, technique - Image quality assessment and documentation - Ultrasound, other imaging modalities |
| Emergency Medicine / Critical Care | 7% | - Toxicology, trauma, first aid procedures - Triage, shock, respiratory/cardiac emergencies |
| Anesthesia | 13% | - Pre-anesthetic assessment and preparation - Anesthetic agents, equipment, monitoring - Recovery and emergency management |
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NEW QUESTION # 1014
Proper endoscopic care and storage ensure the equipment remains in good working order and remains free of debris, defects, or other abnormalities. What is the proper way to store an endoscope to minimize the risk of damaging the equipment?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Endoscopes are costly to purchase and replace, and care is required according to the manufacturer's standards. These aids are delicate, and before and after all use should be properly evaluated for defects, damage, and cleanliness.
Endoscopes should be stored in an area that allows proper circulation and prevents humidity and other factors from damaging the machine's inner workings. At a minimum, once the unit has been cleaned thoroughly after use, it should be hung vertically for storage and drying. We want to minimize the risk of bacterial growth and subsequent health risks to patients.
Storing in the original box increases bacterial contamination risks. Storing in a regular closet by itself without any modifications to climate/temperature increases the risk of contamination and moisture buildup.
NEW QUESTION # 1015
You are obtaining a dairy cattle herd's history before your farm call. You want to ensure you get as much information as possible ahead of time so you can focus on animal-related specifics when on the farm. Further, you may not have access to the owner/farmer/producer when on-site, and may only be dealing with an animal handler who may not be able to answer all your questions. All of the animals in the herd are used in dairy production; thus, none are show or competition animals. They use an all-in-all-out system, so new animals are not intermittently introduced to the herd.
All of the following are key to obtaining a large animal history, except:
Answer: C
Explanation:
While travel history is a key component of an equine evaluation, food animals usually do not have a travel history unless new animals have recently been purchased or introduced into a herd. A more appropriate question for a herd of dairy cattle would be animal contact - any new animals added to the herd that have been transported recently aren't relevant.
Key history components for this herd include:
1. How are the animals housed? Are they kept in stalls, confinement, pasture, or a barn? Do they co-mingle with any other species?
2. What is the type and source of water, and has anything changed with the possible supply?
3. What food is fed, and is the source the same? Have they seen any abnormalities or changes in appetite? Have they changed any suppliers recently?
4. What is the overall herd health status? Are they tested free of certain diseases? Do they have any outstanding tests for infectious diseases currently?
5. Are there any animal contacts possible? Again, given the all-in-all-out nature of the herd's lack of animal travel, this is less of an issue, but do the animals have pasture access that abuts wildland? Could they have contact with wildlife?
6. How are the animals used? We know this is a dairy farm, but we don't yet know the ratios of animals in lactation, dry, juveniles, etc. (We may not always know an animal's purpose, especially with mixed herds or new farms. Animals can be used for meat, dairy, competition/show, fiber/wool, or as pets.) Additional questions can include herd numbers, any diseases or clinical signs currently present of concern, vaccination requests, deworming history (if unknown), and changes in production (gains/losses).
NEW QUESTION # 1016
Which of the following describes the best approach to pain management in veterinary patients?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Pain management in veterinary patients should be proactive, rather than reactive. Proactive pain management avoids unnecessary pain and hastens recovery. Waiting for the patient to show signs of pain often necessitates higher analgesic dosing, leading to higher risk of side effects.
Due to a natural instinct to hide clinical signs of pain, animals often do not outwardly show behavioral signs until pain is severe.
While technicians can give feedback and make observations about the need for pain management, other hospital team members can lead this effort as well.
Technicians play a pivotal role in the care team, alongside veterinarians, assistants, and pet owners. Veterinarians are required to make final treatment decisions.
NEW QUESTION # 1017
You are practicing veterinary medicine in the U.S. and discussing the new monoclonal antibody pain medication (anti-nerve growth factor), Librela, for use in dogs with your client. The veterinarian prescribed it. The pet has stage II kidney disease and is not a candidate for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs). Still, the pet's arthritis is negatively affecting the animal's quality of life. The owner is willing to give the drug a try. You are explaining how you will administer it and any side effects to watch out for as well.
You state that it is well-tolerated overall, but reported side effects based on studies (not necessarily seen in practice) have included all of the following, except:
Answer: C
Explanation:
Librela (bedinvetmab) is a monoclonal antibody directed against nerve growth factor, a key player in the pain pathway. It has been shown to be very safe and effective at controlling osteoarthritis pain. Studies suggest pain control is comparable to that of NSAIDs in dogs, but it is considered safer than NSAIDs in dogs with underlying kidney disease.
You want to explain to your client that what is listed on the package label as possible side effects include any abnormal findings in an animal in the study, regardless of whether it was from the drug. The drug has been used for several years in Europe with minimal side effects. You explain that most dogs show no abnormalities or pain at the injection site, and some may develop elevated BUN levels. However, other reported side effects in the research include bacterial skin infections, urinary tract infections, and inflammation at the injection site (swelling and heat).
The elevated BUN was not associated with kidney dysfunction or clinical signs, and the drug has minimal metabolism pertaining to either the liver or kidneys; thus, it can be used safely in animals with underlying diseases.
Be sure to explain to clients that-while new in the U.S. as of 2023-it has been used in Europe much longer, so more real-time results show that it is very well-tolerated. Remind the client that drug companies in the U.S. must put on the label information any negative/adverse effects that happened while the clinical trials were ongoing, regardless of whether the drug had anything to do with it or not.
Clearly communicate possible risks to the owner, but note the difference between commonly seen side effects (e.g., pain at the injection site) vs. those uncommonly seen (e.g., a rise in BUN but not creatinine, lethargy, or anorexia) makes this a viable option for a pet with stage 2 kidney disease.
NEW QUESTION # 1018
In equine surgery, celiotomies are most commonly conducted for GI surgery. The decision to go to surgery and how quickly surgery is needed can depend upon a number of factors. However, we can help guide the decision based on the presence and composition of free fluid in the abdomen.
You start the day with a patient with normal fluid, clear to yellow in color, with a total protein (TP) of < 2.0. You then re-evaluate the fluid on and off throughout the day. On a later evaluation, you discover that the fluid now has a TP of about 5.0, and it is now reddish brown and opaque.
You are concerned about which of the following conditions?
Answer: B
Explanation:
When evaluating abdominal fluid in horses, certain parameters and changes can alert you to specific GI conditions that may warrant more immediate surgical intervention. Normal abdominal fluid may be clear to yellow and have a total protein (TP) concentration of < 2.0 mg/dL.
Fluid consistent with an abdominal abscess will be yellow to light brown; it may or may not be cloudy and can be blood-tinged. The TP will range from 4.0 to 6.5 mg/dL. We will see clear or yellow fluid with simple large bowel impactions or non-devitalized small intestinal obstructions, and the TP will be < 3.0 mg/dL.
With small intestinal strangulation that has yet to rupture, the fluid appears red to brown, cloudy to opaque, and possibly blood-tinged. The TP range will be from 2.5-6.0 mg/dL, as is the finding in this question.
Bowel necrosis (intestinal rupture) may present with fluid that is orange to brown to even green-tinged; it may or may not be cloudy and likely has particulate matter within it. TP ranges from 5 to 6.5 mg/dL.
NEW QUESTION # 1019
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2026 Latest Itexamguide VTNE PDF Dumps and VTNE Exam Engine Free Share: https://drive.google.com/open?id=1Kcq4h7ztEOQ666bT81m-Wa_IXarL7trq