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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Cluster Architecture, Installation & Configuration | 25% | - Prepare infrastructure for cluster installation - Manage RBAC - Implement high availability control plane - Install components via Helm / Kustomize - Manage cluster lifecycle and upgrades - Work with CRDs and Operators - Understand CNI, CSI, CRI interfaces - Create and manage clusters with kubeadm |
| Topic 2: Storage | 10% | - Persistent Volumes (PV) and Persistent Volume Claims (PVC) - StatefulSet storage configuration - StorageClasses and dynamic provisioning - Volume types and access modes |
| Topic 3: Workloads & Scheduling | 15% | - Configure applications with ConfigMaps and Secrets - Pod lifecycle, init containers, probes - Resource requests, limits and autoscaling - Deployments, rolling updates and rollbacks - Pod scheduling: node selector, affinity, taints/tolerations |
| Topic 4: Troubleshooting | 30% | - Cluster component health checks - Network connectivity and DNS resolution problems - Pod and application failures - Log collection and analysis - Control plane component failures - Worker node issues and recovery |
| Topic 5: Services & Networking | 20% | - Service types: ClusterIP, NodePort, LoadBalancer, ExternalName - Ingress resources and controllers - Network policies - CNI configuration and troubleshooting - CoreDNS and service discovery |
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NEW QUESTION # 41
You have a Kubernetes cluster with three nodes. Nodel and Node2 are in the 'default' availability zone, while Node3 is in the 'us-east-I a' availability zone. You want to ensure that pods are spread across all three nodes, considering the availability zones.
Describe how to configure the cluster to achieve this goal, specifically addressing how to leverage 'nodeSelector' and/or 'affinity' to enforce desired node placement. Explain the rationale behind your chosen approach.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
Step 1: Configure Node Labels
Label each node with its corresponding availability zone:
For Node1 and Node2 (in 'default' availability zone):
kubectl label node availability-zone=default
For Node3 (in availability zone):
kubectl label node availability-zone=us-east-Ia
Step 2: Use Node Selector
Use 'nodeSelector' in your Deployment or Pod definition to specify the desired availability zone:
This ensures pods with the 'nginx-deployment' label will be scheduled only on Node3. Step 3: Use Affinity (Optional) You can also use 'affinity' for more fine-grained control. For example, to ensure that pods are spread across different availability zones:
This configuration will prefer scheduling pods in different availability zones. Rationale: Node Selector: Provides a simple mechanism to direct pods to specific nodes based on labels. Affinity: Offers more advanced options, including 'podAntiAffinity" to spread pods across nodes (or availability zones) and 'podAffinity' to ensure pods are scheduled on the same node. Availability Zone: Distributes pods across different zones for high availability, as failures in one zone won't impact pods scheduled in other zones. ,
NEW QUESTION # 42
You have a Deployment named 'my-app' running a web application with three replicas. The application is exposed using a 'LoadBalancer' service. You want to create a 'ClusterlP' service for internal communication within the Kubernetes cluster and route traffic from the 'LoadBalancer' service to the 'ClusterlP' service.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1 . Create the ClusterlP service:
- Define a 'ClusterlP' service that points to the my-app' Deployment.
2. Create the LoadBalancer service: - Define a 'LoadBalancer service that routes traffic to the my-app-internar service.
3. Apply the Service YAMLs: - Apply the YAML files for both services using 'kubectl apply -f my-app-internal.yamP and 'kubectl apply -f my- app-external.yamr. 4. Verify the Services: - Check the status of both services using 'kubectl get services'. You should see the 'my-app-internal' service with a 'ClusterlP' and the my-app-external' service with an external IP address. 5. Test the Routing: - Access the application through the external IP address of the 'my-app-external' service. The traffic should be routed to the 'my-app-internal' service and then to the my-app' Deployment. Note: Replace with the actual namespace where your Deployment and Services are located.
NEW QUESTION # 43
Create a Kubernetes secret asfollows:
* Name: super-secret
* password: bob
Create a pod namedpod-secrets-via-file Image, which mounts a secret namedsuper-secretat
/secrets.
Create a second pod namedpod-secrets-via-env Image, which exportspasswordas CONFIDENTIAL
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution below.
Explanation
solution
NEW QUESTION # 44
Create a snapshot of theetcdinstance running at , saving thesnapshot to the file path
/srv/data/etcd-snapshot.db.
The following TLScertificates/key are suppliedfor connecting to the server withetcdctl:
* CA certificate:/opt/KUCM00302/ca.crt
* Client certificate:/opt/KUCM00302/etcd-client.crt
* Client key:Topt/KUCM00302/etcd-client.key
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution below.
Explanation
solution
NEW QUESTION # 45
You have a two-tier application with a frontend service 'frontend-svc' exposing a Node.js application running in pods labeled 'app: frontend', and a backend service 'backend-svc' exposing a Python application running in pods labeled 'app: backend'. The frontend pods need to communicate with the backend pods through a service. Design a Kubernetes network setup that allows the frontend pods to access the backend service, ensuring that the backend service is reachable only by the frontend service and not directly from outside the cluster.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Create a Service for the Backend:
- Define a Service for the backend pods:
- This Service creates a ClusterlP service, accessible only within the cluster. The 'targetPort' specifies the port exposed by the backend pods. 2. Create a Service for the Frontend: - Define a Service for the frontend pods:
- This Service creates a LoadBalancer service, accessible from outside the cluster. 3. Configure NetworkPolicy for the Frontend Service: - Define a NetworkPolicy that allows traffic from the 'frontend-svc' to the 'backend-svc':
- This NetworkPolicy allows ingress traffic from the 'frontend-svc' and egress traffic to the 'backend-svc'. 4. Apply the Configurations: - Apply the YAML files using 'kubectl apply -f backend-svc.yaml' , 'kubectl apply -f frontend-svc.yamr , and kubectl apply -f frontend-to-backend.yamr. 5. Verification: - Check the status of the services: 'kubectl get services' - Check the network policy status: 'kubectl get networkpolicies' Now, the frontend pods can communicate with the backend service through the 'backend-svc' service. External clients can access the frontend application through the 'frontend-svc' service. The backend service is not accessible directly from outside the cluster due to the NetworkPolicy restricting traffic from external sources. ]
NEW QUESTION # 46
......
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