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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Network Design and Troubleshooting | - Enterprise Network Design
|
| IP Network Technologies | - IPv6 Deployment
|
| Network Services and Optimization | - Multicast Technologies
|
| MPLS and VPN Technologies | - MPLS Fundamentals
|
| Advanced Routing Protocols | - BGP Configuration and Policy Control
|
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NEW QUESTION # 146
In the hub-spoke networking shown in the figure, which of the following commands must be configured on the Hub-PE to ensure correct route transmission?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:
1. Understanding the Hub-Spoke Network Model in MPLS VPN
* Hub-Spoke (or Route Reflector) topology is used in MPLS Layer 3 VPNs where multiple spoke sites communicate through a central hub.
* The Hub-PE acts as an intermediate BGP speaker and redistributes routes between spokes.
* The challenge is preventing routing loops when exchanging routes between spokes.
2. Understanding the Role of Site of Origin (SoO) in BGP/MPLS VPNs
* BGP Site of Origin (SoO) is a route attribute used to prevent routing loops in scenarios where a hub redistributes routes between spokes.
* If a route originating from a spoke is advertised back to the same site, SoO prevents it from being re-learned.
* The SoO value (e.g., 200:1) ensures that a site does not accept its own previously advertised prefixes.
3. Analyzing the Answer Choices
# A. [Hub-PE-bgp-VPN_out] peer x.x.x.x allow-as-loop (Incorrect)
* The allow-as-loop command allows BGP to accept routes with its own AS number in the AS path.
* This is NOT needed in a Hub-Spoke VPN because BGP routes are not being looped through the same AS.
# This is unnecessary for preventing loops in a Hub-Spoke VPN.
# B. [Hub-PE-bgp-VPN_in] peer x.x.x.x allow-as-loop (Incorrect)
* Again, allow-as-loop is used when a router needs to accept its own AS number in the BGP AS path.
* This is NOT the mechanism used for preventing loops in Hub-Spoke VPNs; SoO is used instead.
# This is not required in this scenario.
# C. [Hub-PE-bgp-VPN_in] peer x.x.x.x soo 200:1 (Correct Answer)
* The correct way to prevent spoke routes from looping through the hub is to apply the Site of Origin (SoO) attribute.
* This command ensures that if a route with SoO 200:1 is received, it is not advertised back to the same spoke.
# This is the correct answer.
# D. [Hub-PE-bgp-VPN_out] peer x.x.x.x soo 200:1 (Incorrect)
* Applying SoO on outgoing routes is NOT effective because the hub should mark received routes and prevent loops when re-advertising them.
* SoO should be applied on the inbound (received) routes at the Hub-PE, not outbound.
# This is not the correct implementation of SoO.
Final Conclusion:
# Correct answer: C. [Hub-PE-bgp-VPN_in] peer x.x.x.x soo 200:1
# A. allow-as-loop is unnecessary in a Hub-Spoke MPLS VPN.
# B. allow-as-loop is not relevant here.
# D. SoO should be applied inbound, not outbound.
Thus, the correct answer is: C. [Hub-PE-bgp-VPN_in] peer x.x.x.x soo 200:1 .
Reference:
HCIP-Datacom-Advanced Routing & Switching Technology V1.0 - MPLS VPN Hub-Spoke Design and SoO Configuration Huawei Official HCIP-Datacom Study Guide - Route Loop Prevention in Hub-Spoke VPNs Huawei Documentation on Site of Origin (SoO) in MPLS VPN
NEW QUESTION # 147
Use the "display current-configuration |include 10.0.2.*" command on the router to see all the information including "10.0.2" in the current configuration.
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 148
After troubleshooting the problem, the network engineer wrote a troubleshooting report. He simplified the actual networking into the network shown in the figure.
R1 and R2 both have OSPF enabled and serve as gateways for PC1 and PC2 respectively.
Which of the following descriptions are correct? (Multiple choice)
Answer: A,C,D
NEW QUESTION # 149
On the OSPFv3 network shown in the figure, area 1 is a common area. R2 generates an Inter-Area-Prefix- LSA to describe the routes of a network segment in the area. Such an LSA exists in both area 0 and area 1.
Answer: B
Explanation:
Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:
To determine whether the statement is true or false, we need to analyze the OSPFv3 topology, the role of area types, and the behavior of Inter-Area-Prefix-LSAs. Let's break it down step by step:
* Understanding the OSPFv3 Topology and Area Types :
* The figure shows three routers (R1, R2, and R3) connected in an OSPFv3 network. R1 and R2 are in Area 0 (the backbone area), while R2 and R3 are in Area 1 (a common area, also known as a standard or regular area).
* R2 is an Area Border Router (ABR) because it connects Area 0 and Area 1. ABRs are responsible for summarizing and advertising routes between areas.
* What is a Common Area in OSPFv3? :
* A " common area " in OSPFv3 refers to a standard or regular OSPF area, as opposed to special areas like Stub, Totally Stubby, Not-So-Stubby Area (NSSA), or Totally NSSA. Common areas allow all types of LSAs, including inter-area, intra-area, and external LSAs, to be flooded within the area, except for restrictions in special area types.
* Since Area 1 is described as a " common area, " it behaves like a standard OSPF area, allowing the full exchange of LSAs, including Inter-Area-Prefix-LSAs.
* Role of Inter-Area-Prefix-LSA (Type 3 LSA in OSPFv3) :
* Inter-Area-Prefix-LSAs (Type 3 LSAs in OSPFv3) are used by ABRs to advertise prefixes from one area to another. These LSAs are critical for inter-area routing, allowing routers in one area to learn about networks in other areas.
* In this case, R2, as an ABR, generates Inter-Area-Prefix-LSAs to describe routes (network segments) in Area 1 and advertises them into Area 0. Conversely, R2 also receives Inter-Area- Prefix-LSAs from Area 0 (via R1) and advertises them into Area 1.
* Does the Inter-Area-Prefix-LSA Exist in Both Area 0 and Area 1? :
* Yes, Inter-Area-Prefix-LSAs exist in both areas because R2, as an ABR, floods these LSAs into both Area 0 and Area 1. Specifically:
* R2 generates Inter-Area-Prefix-LSAs for network segments in Area 1 and advertises them into Area 0, where R1 (in Area 0) can receive and process them.
* Similarly, R2 receives Inter-Area-Prefix-LSAs for network segments in Area 0 (from R1) and advertises them into Area 1, where R3 (in Area 1) can receive and process them.
* Since Area 1 is a common area (not a stub or NSSA), it allows Inter-Area-Prefix-LSAs to be flooded within the area, ensuring that routers like R3 can learn about routes in Area 0, and routers like R1 can learn about routes in Area 1.
* Verifying the Statement :
* The statement claims that R2 generates an Inter-Area-Prefix-LSA to describe the routes of a network segment in Area 1, and such an LSA exists in both Area 0 and Area 1. This is accurate because:
* R2, as an ABR, generates Inter-Area-Prefix-LSAs for Area 1's network segments and floods them into Area 0.
* R2 also receives and floods Inter-Area-Prefix-LSAs from Area 0 into Area 1.
* Therefore, Inter-Area-Prefix-LSAs describing routes in Area 1 exist in both Area 0 and Area 1, making the statement true.
* Conclusion :
* The statement is true because Inter-Area-Prefix-LSAs generated by R2 for Area 1's network segments are flooded into both Area 0 and Area 1, and Area 1, being a common area, allows these LSAs to exist within it.
References to HCIP-Datacom-Advanced Routing & Switching Technology Documents :
* HCIP-Datacom-Advanced Routing & Switching Technology V1.0, Section on OSPFv3: OSPF Area Types, Inter-Area Routing, and LSA Types (specifically Inter-Area-Prefix-LSA, Type 3 LSA).
* HCIP-Datacom-Advanced Routing & Switching Technology V1.0, Chapter on OSPF Routing Protocols: ABR Behavior, Common Areas, and LSA Flooding Mechanisms.
NEW QUESTION # 150
In a large BGP network, there are many peers, which makes configuration and maintenance extremely inconvenient. For BGP peers with the same configuration, they can be added to a BGP peer group for batch configuration, which simplifies the difficulty of management and improves the efficiency of route publishing. When configuring an IBGP peer group, you do not need to specify the AS number of the peer group. When configuring an EBGP peer group, you must specify the AS number of the peer group.
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 151
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