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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Denial-of-Service | 4% | - Defense Mechanisms - DDoS Tools - Attack Techniques & Botnets - DoS & DDoS Concepts |
| Cloud Computing | 5% | - Cloud Security Best Practices - AWS, Azure, GCP Attacks - Cloud Security Risks - Cloud Models & Services |
| Vulnerability Analysis | 8% | - Vulnerability Classification & Scoring - Vulnerability Assessment Lifecycle - Vulnerability Research & Databases - Scanning & Analysis Tools |
| Wireless Networks | 5% | - Wireless Threats & Attacks - Wireless Encryption: WEP, WPA2, WPA3 - Security Best Practices - Wireless Hacking Tools |
| Web Server & Application Attacks | 8% | - Web Application Attacks: XSS, CSRF - Web Server Vulnerabilities - SQL Injection & Command Injection - API Security Risks - Web Security Countermeasures |
| Evading IDS, Firewalls, and Honeypots | 5% | - Honeypot Concepts & Detection - Evasion Techniques - IDS, IPS, Firewall Technologies |
| Cryptography | 5% | - Cryptanalysis & Attacks - Cryptography in Practice - Public Key Infrastructure - Encryption Concepts & Algorithms |
| Session Hijacking | 4% | - Countermeasures - Application & Network Level Hijacking - Session Hijacking Concepts - Hijacking Techniques |
| Social Engineering | 6% | - Social Engineering Concepts - Identity Theft - Countermeasures & Awareness - Phishing, Pretexting, Baiting |
| Malware Threats | 7% | - AI-Powered Malware - Malware Analysis & Countermeasures - Malware Types: Trojans, Viruses, Worms - APT & Fileless Malware |
| Scanning Networks | 8% | - Service & OS Fingerprinting - AI-Assisted Scanning - Scanning Beyond IDS/Firewall - Scanning Countermeasures - Host & Port Discovery - Network Scanning Basics |
| Footprinting and Reconnaissance | 7% | - Reconnaissance Countermeasures - Reconnaissance Concepts - DNS, WHOIS, Network Mapping - OSINT Techniques |
| IoT & OT Security | 4% | - IoT/OT Architecture & Risks - Attacks on IoT & OT Systems - Security Controls |
| Enumeration | 7% | - AI-Driven Enumeration - Enumeration Concepts - NetBIOS, SNMP, LDAP Enumeration - Enumeration Countermeasures - DNS, SMTP, NFS Enumeration |
| System Hacking | 8% | - Privilege Escalation - Clearing Tracks & Logs - Maintaining Access - Gaining Access: Password Attacks |
| Mobile Platforms | 4% | - Mobile Device Security - Mobile Attack Vectors - Android & iOS Vulnerabilities |
| Introduction to Ethical Hacking | 5% | - Cyber Kill Chain & MITRE ATT&CK - Ethical Hacking Methodology - Information Security Concepts - Legal and Ethical Compliance |
| Sniffing | 5% | - Packet Sniffing Concepts - MITM Attacks - Sniffing Countermeasures - Sniffing Tools & Techniques |
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NEW QUESTION # 365
While assessing a web server's behavior, a tester sends malformed HTTP GET requests using unusual methods like "DELETE" and "OPTIONS" combined with long URI strings and observes varying status codes and response headers. The tester uses a tool that matches these responses against known patterns to deduce the server's software and version. Which technique is the tester employing?
Answer: A
Explanation:
By sending crafted HTTP requests and analyzing differences in response codes, headers, and behavior, the tester is matching server responses against known signatures to identify the underlying web server software and version. This is characteristic of server fingerprinting through banner-grabbing and response analysis.
NEW QUESTION # 366
In the process of footprinting a target website, an ethical hacker utilized various tools to gather critical information. The hacker encountered a target site where standard web spiders were ineffective due to a specific file in its root directory. However, they managed to uncover all the files and web pages on the target site, monitoring the resulting incoming and outgoing traffic while browsing the website manually. What technique did the hacker likely employ to achieve this?
Answer: B
Explanation:
User-directed spidering is a technique that allows the hacker to manually browse the target website and use a proxy or spider tool to capture and analyze the traffic. This way, the hacker can discover hidden or dynamic content that standard web spiders may miss due to a specific file in the root directory, such as robots.txt, that instructs them not to crawl certain pages or directories. User-directed spidering can also help the hacker to bypass authentication or authorization mechanisms, as well as identify vulnerabilities or sensitive information in the target website. User-directed spidering can be performed with tools like Burp Suite and WebScarab, which are web application security testing tools that can intercept, modify, and replay HTTP requests and responses, as well as perform various attacks and scans on the target website.
The other options are not likely to achieve the same results as user-directed spidering. Using Photon to retrieve archived URLs of the target website from archive.org may provide some historical information about the website, but it may not reflect the current state or content of the website. Using the Netcraft tool to gather website information may provide some general information about the website, such as its IP address, domain name, server software, or hosting provider, but it may not reveal the specific files or web pages on the website. Examining HTML source code and cookies may provide some clues about the website's structure, functionality, or user preferences, but it may not expose the hidden or dynamic content that user-directed spidering can discover. References:
* User Directed Spidering with Burp
* Web Spidering - What Are Web Crawlers & How to Control Them
* Web Security: Recon
* Mapping the Application for Penetrating Web Applications - 1
NEW QUESTION # 367
During a penetration test at a healthcare provider in Phoenix, ethical hacker Sofia crafts a stream of IP packets with manipulated offset fields and overlapping payload offsets so that the records server's protocol stack repeatedly attempts to reconstruct the original datagrams. The repeated reconstruction attempts consume CPU and memory, causing the system to crash intermittently and disrupt patient portal access, even though overall bandwidth remains normal. Packet analysis shows deliberately malformed offsets that trigger processing errors rather than a simple flood of traffic.
Which type of attack is Sofia most likely simulating?
Answer: B
Explanation:
This scenario matches a Teardrop attack, which exploits IP fragmentation reassembly weaknesses by sending fragments with overlapping or inconsistent offset fields. In a teardrop attack, the attacker crafts IP fragments so that when the target attempts to reassemble them into the original datagram, the fragment offsets and sizes do not align correctly (often overlapping). Vulnerable systems can experience errors in the reassembly process, leading to CPU/memory exhaustion, crashes, or instability in the network stack. The question highlights "manipulated offset fields and overlapping payload offsets," "repeated attempts to reconstruct," and
"deliberately malformed offsets that trigger processing errors rather than a simple flood," which are all core teardrop characteristics.
The impact described-system crashes and service disruption without abnormal bandwidth usage-also fits.
This is not a volumetric DoS (like ICMP flood); it's a malformed-packet attack that targets protocol stack processing. The key is that the attacker is exploiting how the target handles fragmented packets, causing excessive processing and failure during reassembly.
Why the other options are less accurate:
Fragmentation attack (A) is a broader category and could include many fragmentation-based manipulations, but "overlapping offsets causing reassembly failure" is the classic teardrop pattern.
ICMP flood (B) is bandwidth/packet-rate driven and does not involve IP fragment offset manipulation.
Ping of Death (D) involves oversized ICMP packets (often via fragmentation) exceeding maximum IP size, causing crashes on vulnerable stacks; the scenario instead emphasizes overlapping offsets and reassembly logic errors rather than oversized packet size.
Therefore, Sofia is most likely simulating C. Teardrop Attack.
NEW QUESTION # 368
A network administrator reviews logs and observes that an attacker sends packets requesting the target system's internal clock value. The response includes timing information that can be used to calculate round-trip delay and analyze host characteristics. What host discovery technique is being used in this scenario?
Answer: A
Explanation:
The system is being queried for its internal clock value and responds with timestamp-related information that can be used to infer network timing characteristics such as round-trip delay. This is characteristic of an ICMP Timestamp Ping Scan, which requests time-related data from a host as part of reconnaissance and host discovery.
NEW QUESTION # 369
An organization has been experiencing intrusion attempts despite deploying an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) and Firewalls. As a Certified Ethical Hacker, you are asked to reinforce the intrusion detection process and recommend a better rule-based approach. The IDS uses Snort rules and the new recommended tool should be able to complement it. You suggest using YARA rules with an additional tool for rule generation. Which of the following tools would be the best choice for this purpose and why?
Answer: B
Explanation:
YARA rules are a powerful way to detect and classify malware based on patterns, signatures, and behaviors.
They can be used to complement Snort rules, which are mainly focused on network traffic analysis. However, writing YARA rules manually can be time-consuming and error-prone, especially when dealing with large and diverse malware samples. Therefore, using a tool that can automate or assist the generation of YARA rules can be very helpful for ethical hackers.
Among the four options, yarGen is the best choice for this purpose, because it generates YARA rules from strings identified in malware files while removing strings that also appear in goodware files. This way, yarGen can reduce the false positives and increase the accuracy of the YARA rules. yarGen also supports various features, such as whitelisting, scoring, wildcards, and regular expressions, to improve the quality and efficiency of the YARA rules.
The other options are not as suitable as yarGen for this purpose. AutoYara is a tool that automates the generation of YARA rules from a set of malicious and benign files, but it does not perform any filtering or optimization of the strings, which may result in noisy and ineffective YARA rules. YaraRET is a tool that helps in reverse engineering Trojans to generate YARA rules, but it is limited to a specific type of malware and requires manual intervention and analysis. koodous is a platform that combines social networking with antivirus signatures and YARA rules to detect malware, but it is not a tool for generating YARA rules, rather it is a tool for sharing and collaborating on YARA rules. References:
* yarGen - A Tool to Generate YARA Rules
* YARA Rules: The Basics
* Why master YARA: from routine to extreme threat hunting cases
NEW QUESTION # 370
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