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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Test Tools and Test Automation Support | - Tool support for test analysis and execution
|
| Topic 2: Testing Techniques for Test Analysis | - Specification-based techniques
|
| Topic 3: Testing of Software Quality Characteristics | - Functional suitability testing
|
| Topic 4: Reviews and Defect Management | - Defect lifecycle and reporting
|
| Topic 5: Testing Process in the Test Analyst Role | - Test planning, monitoring, and control in advanced testing contexts
|
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NEW QUESTION # 30
A written specification describes the rules for granting membership of your company's sports facility, whether it must be paid for if granted and whether free transport to and from the facility will be provided.
These actions depend upon employment status (permanent, temporary or probationary), the result of a medical exam (passed, failed or not taken) and whether the person is classed as a local resident. The best decision table that could be created from this specification is shown below.
Which of the following conclusions is correct?
Answer: D
Explanation:
The correct answer is A because the decision table has the correct structural completeness, but it exposes missing rules in the written specification. There are three condition dimensions: employment status has three values, medical exam has three values, and local residency has two values. Therefore, the complete decision table requires 3 × 3 × 2 = 18 rule columns , and the table contains exactly 18 rules. The unresolved entries appear in rules 17 and 18 , where the person is probationary , the medical exam is not taken , and local residency is either yes or no . Since all action cells for these two combinations are marked with question marks, the model has revealed that the specification does not define the required behavior for those cases.
CTAL-TA v4.0 places decision table testing under rule-based test techniques and states that it is used when behavior is determined by combinations of conditions, such as business rules. It is especially useful for finding omissions, inconsistencies, ambiguities, and gaps in rule specifications. Option B is wrong because the table has the correct number of columns. Option C is wrong because models are deliberately used to clarify text-based specifications. Option D is wrong because a decision table is the correct model type for condition-action business rules. Reference: CTAL-TA v4.0, Section 3.3.1 Decision Table Testing .
NEW QUESTION # 31
You are working on a project to build a purchasing system. The main requirements for the system are that it shall:
* Allow users to enter details of items that they wish to have purchased and, from these details, create a purchase request.
* Take each purchase request through a workflow that will allow the requestor's line manager to approve the request, reject it or return it for clarification / modification.
* Forward approved requests to the Purchasing Department.
* Allow purchasers to find the best available supplier for each approved request and place the request on that supplier as a purchase order.
The solution is being developed according to the company's traditional V-model methodology. The requirements are clearly documented and include a business process model.
The main release has now been live for three months and you are working on the first maintenance release.
The test manager has asked you, the senior TA, to identify those parts of the test process which were most and least effective at finding defects in the main release.
You have collected statistics for the independent test activities, i.e. excluding developers' testing, including only the 178 defects in the three highest of your five defect severity levels. The results are presented in the table below:
Assume that all defects not found at the first opportunity could have been, e.g. that all defects that escaped into acceptance testing were within the scope and objectives of system testing. By applying Defect detection percentage (DDP) analysis, which test activity was LEAST effective?
Answer: B
Explanation:
The correct answer is B . CTAL-TA v4.0 explains that Defect Detection Percentage is used to evaluate how effectively a test level or activity detects defects, and a low DDP indicates a high percentage of escaped defects, meaning the activity was ineffective and should be analyzed for improvement. The official CTAL-TA sample-answer material gives the formula as DDP = D / (D + E) , where D is defects detected in that phase and E is defects that escaped that phase and were detected later.
For test analysis including requirements review , only requirements defects are in scope at the first opportunity. It found 13 requirements defects, while 52 requirements defects escaped and were found later: 12 in test design, 20 in system testing, 10 in acceptance testing, and 10 in live operation. Therefore, DDP = 13 / (13 + 52) = 13 / 65 = 20% .
For comparison, test design found 40 of the 100 defects it could have found, so DDP = 40% . System testing found 75 of 125 possible remaining defects, so DDP = 60% . Acceptance testing found 25 of 50 possible remaining defects, so DDP = 50% . The lowest DDP is therefore test analysis, including requirements review . Reference: CTAL-TA v4.0, Section 5.3.1 Analyzing Test Results to Improve Defect Detection .
NEW QUESTION # 32
You are working on a project to build a purchasing system. The main requirements for the system are that it shall:
* Allow users to enter details of items that they wish to have purchased and, from these details, create a purchase request.
* Take each purchase request through a workflow that will allow the requestor's line manager to approve the request, reject it or return it for clarification / modification.
* Forward approved requests to the Purchasing Department.
* Allow purchasers to find the best available supplier for each approved request and place the request on that supplier as a purchase order.
The solution is being developed according to the company's traditional V-model methodology. The requirements are clearly documented and include a business process model. Operational profiles have been created to guide performance testing.
Initial item entry will involve a check that each item entered exists on the master stock file and that the user is entitled to request it; this depends on user role and grade. Line manager authorization will be assisted by a recommendation made by the system according to relevant business rules, although the manager can override this recommendation. For approved requests, the workflow will continue to support the process through to placing of the purchase order.
Planning has begun for system testing and the Test Manager has asked you, the senior TA, to help with it.
What would be the MOST effective techniques for functional testing of this project?
a) Combinatorial testing
b) Random testing
c) CRUD testing
d) State transition testing
e) Scenario-based testing
f) Decision table testing
g) Exploratory testing
Answer: A
Explanation:
The correct answer is D because the scenario gives three strong test-basis signals: a workflow, a business process model, and business rules. CTAL-TA v4.0 classifies relevant black-box techniques into data-based, behavior-based, and rule-based techniques, and explicitly includes state transition testing, scenario-based testing, and decision table testing within Chapter 3 test analysis and design. It also requires the Test Analyst to select appropriate techniques for a given situation.
State transition testing fits the purchase request workflow because requests move between states such as created, approved, rejected, returned for clarification, forwarded, and converted to purchase order. CTAL-TA states that behavior-based techniques derive tests from state-dependent or dynamic behavior. Scenario-based testing fits because the requirements include a business process model and end-to-end purchasing flows.
CTAL-TA states that scenario-based testing evaluates behavior in realistic workflows and may use activity diagrams, use cases, flowcharts, or BPMN models. Decision table testing fits because entitlement checks and manager recommendations are driven by business rules involving role, grade, and authorization logic. Rule- based techniques verify stateless business-rule behavior.
Combinatorial testing may help with input combinations, but it is not the best overall functional set here.
Random and exploratory testing are weak choices because the requirements are clear and formal.
NEW QUESTION # 33
A simple DVD player is described in the following state transition diagram:
States shown in the diagram:
All round trips are feasible, even those that do not start at OFF. How many test cases will be needed for complete round-trip coverage?
Answer: C
Explanation:
The correct answer is B , because complete round-trip coverage requires every feasible round trip in the state model to be covered, not only those that start from the initial OFF state. CTAL-TA v4.0 explicitly includes state transition testing with N-switch and round-trip coverage as the focus of its state transition topic. A round trip is a path that starts and ends in the same state, normally without repeating an intermediate state.
The feasible round trips are:
* OFF # PLAY # OFF
* PLAY # OFF # PLAY
* OFF # REC # OFF
* REC # OFF # REC
* REC # REC PAUSE # REC
* REC PAUSE # REC # REC PAUSE
* PLAY # PLAY PAUSE # PLAY
* PLAY PAUSE # PLAY # PLAY PAUSE
* OFF # REC # REC PAUSE # OFF
* REC # REC PAUSE # OFF # REC
* REC PAUSE # OFF # REC # REC PAUSE
That gives 11 round trips. The warning in the question is important: if only OFF-starting round trips were counted, the answer would be too low. Option A overcounts by adding a non-modeled or duplicate round trip.
Options C and D miss feasible non-OFF-starting round trips. Reference: CTAL-TA v4.0, Section 3.2.2 State Transition Testing , round-trip coverage.
NEW QUESTION # 34
You are working on a project to replace an old sales and merchandising system with a new system that will be based on modern platforms. The old system Is still in production but is poorly documented and expensive to maintain. The new version will be developed using modern technology. The main requirements for the system are that it shall:
* Load sales data, sent electronically from the stores each evening, into a central database.
* Produce actual sales reports for the merchandisers, whose job is to manage stock levels in stores.
* Produce sales forecast reports based on a combination of sales history and forecasting parameters. The parameters will be entered by the merchandisers into a browser-based front end and the reports will be produced overnight. The users will be able to see the reports next day, on screen or in print, by requesting this through the browser.
Requirements 1 and 2 are satisfied by the existing system and will be rewritten with no significant changes.
Requirement 3 is new. The development will use your company's Agile SDLC, with 2-week iterations.
Technical skill levels in the team are high and the approach to automate test execution is aggressive. Each requirement will be specified with user stories, will be released only when complete, and will need more than one iteration. The main business benefit will come from requirement 3, which depends on the other two requirements, and the stakeholders are keen to get this into production as soon as possible.
Release planning has begun for requirement 3 and you need to know at a high level what the testing scope will be, to ensure that the correct resources will be available. Which functional test techniques will be MOST effective for this release?
a) Domain testing
b) Combinatorial testing
c) Random testing
d) CRUD testing
e) Scenario-based testing
f) Decision table testing
g) Exploratory testing
Answer: D
Explanation:
The correct answer is C : domain testing, scenario-based testing, and decision table testing . Requirement
3 is new and business-critical. It involves entering complex forecasting parameters, generating reports overnight from sales history and parameters, and then viewing or printing those reports through the browser.
Domain testing is appropriate because forecasting parameters and sales-history values form input domains with partitions and boundaries. CTAL-TA v4.0 states that domain testing extends equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis to domains with multiple parameters and complex partitions.
Scenario-based testing is also essential because the requirement describes an end-to-end user/business flow:
enter parameters, run overnight report generation, request report output, view or print result. CTAL-TA states that scenario-based testing evaluates behavior in realistic workflows and is often used in system and acceptance testing from the user's perspective.
Decision table testing fits because forecast calculation behavior is likely governed by business rules involving sales history, parameters, thresholds, and report-generation rules. CTAL-TA classifies decision table testing as a rule-based technique for stateless business rules. Random testing is inferior because the requirement is clearly specified, not poorly understood. CRUD testing is not the strongest match because Requirement 3 is not mainly an entity lifecycle problem.
NEW QUESTION # 35
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