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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Dimensions of Care | 50% | - Chronic Care - Acute Care - Assessment and Diagnosis - Health Promotion and Illness Prevention |
| Physician Activities | 50% | - Professional Behaviours - Management - Communication - Psychosocial Aspects |
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質問 # 230
A 29-year-old woman presents to the sexually transmitted infection clinic with concerns regarding a copious vaginal discharge. Ten percent potassium hydroxide was used to confirm the diagnosis of which one of the following?
正解：E
解説：
A 10% potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation is commonly used in the evaluation of vaginal discharge. In bacterial vaginosis (BV) , adding KOH to a vaginal sample produces a characteristic "whiff test" -a strong fishy amine odor caused by volatilization of amines from anaerobic bacteria (e.g., Gardnerella vaginalis and other anaerobes). MCCQE objectives emphasize recognition of BV as the most common cause of abnormal vaginal discharge in reproductive-age women. Clinical features include thin, gray-white, malodorous discharge without significant inflammation.
KOH microscopy may also reveal clue cells (vaginal epithelial cells coated with bacteria).
Trichomonas vaginalis is diagnosed by saline wet mount showing motile trichomonads or by nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT), not primarily by KOH. Chlamydia trachomatis and gonorrhea are diagnosed by NAAT. Group B streptococcus is identified by culture.
Thus, use of 10% KOH to confirm a fishy odor (positive whiff test) supports the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis .
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質問 # 231
A 67-year-old farmer presents with a 6-month history of progressive weakness in both arms. He now has difficulty in climbing but says he can still drive his tractor. Examination shows slight but definite atrophy of muscles of pectoral girdle, especially over his scapula. Fasciculations are visible. There is hyperreflexia of most tendon reflexes of arms and legs, left ankle clonus and left Babinski reflex. Which one of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
正解：A
解説：
This presentation is most consistent with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), characterized by progressive degeneration of both upper motor neurons (UMN) and lower motor neurons (LMN). The patient has LMN signs in the upper limbs-muscle atrophy of the shoulder girdle and visible fasciculations-alongside UMN signs-hyperreflexia, ankle clonus, and a Babinski reflex. The combination of UMN and LMN findings in multiple body regions with a gradual, progressive course over months strongly supports ALS. Multiple sclerosis typically produces disseminated neurologic deficits separated in time and space and does not usually cause prominent fasciculations or progressive LMN wasting. Cerebellar degeneration causes ataxia, dysmetria, and gait instability rather than mixed UMN/LMN signs. A pontine astrocytoma would more often cause cranial nerve deficits and brainstem signs and is less likely to present as a diffuse, progressive mixed motor neuron syndrome in an older adult. Parkinson disease causes bradykinesia, rigidity, and resting tremor, not Babinski or fasciculations. MCCQE objectives emphasize recognizing mixed UMN/LMN patterns and identifying ALS as a key progressive motor neuron disorder.
質問 # 232
A 56-year-old woman comes to your office because she has not been herself since her husband died in a car crash 6 weeks ago. She has no prior psychiatric history. Her son is concerned because she cries frequently, has a poor appetite, rarely leaves home and is distraught. Her sadness fluctuates and increases when she thinks of her husband. She often thinks about death, and she wishes she could join her deceased husband. Which one of the following is the best next step?
正解：D
解説：
Her presentation at 6 weeks after a spouse's death is most consistent with acute/normal grief : intense sadness, crying, social withdrawal, reduced appetite, and waves of distress triggered by reminders of the deceased.
MCCQE objectives stress distinguishing grief from major depressive disorder by the fluctuating nature of symptoms , grief "pangs," and the link to thoughts of the deceased. Although she expresses wishing to "join" her husband, this can occur in normal bereavement; the key clinical duty is to assess safety (suicidal intent, plan, means, past attempts, protective factors). In the absence of imminent risk or psychosis, inpatient/day- hospital admission is not the default. "Reassurance" alone is insufficient because she is significantly impaired and needs structured support. The best next step is referral for bereavement-focused support (often via social work), which can provide grief counseling, coping strategies, mobilization of supports, and monitoring, and can facilitate escalation if complicated grief or major depression emerges. Family systems therapy may help later, but immediate practical and grief-specific support plus safety assessment is the priority.
質問 # 233
A 19-year-old woman presents to the office. She is a new mother. She shares that she does not intend to vaccinate her son. Which one of the following is the best next step?
正解：B
解説：
When encountering vaccine hesitancy, the first and most effective step is to open a non-judgmental conversation and explore the patient's reasons. This helps build trust and tailor subsequent education and counseling.
Toronto Notes 2023 - Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Immunization:
"Addressing vaccine hesitancy requires understanding parental concerns. Begin with open-ended questions to identify underlying beliefs and information gaps." MCCQE1 Objectives - Preventive Medicine > Immunization:
"Candidates must demonstrate effective communication with vaccine-hesitant parents, beginning with eliciting their rationale before providing evidence-based recommendations." Jumping to education (B) or punitive measures (C, D) may close communication. The patient is an adult; speaking with her parents (E) violates her autonomy.
質問 # 234
A 29-year-old woman, gravida 1, para 0, aborta 0, presents to your clinic. Her pregnancy is at 22 weeks' gestation. Her blood pressure is 158/96 mm Hg. Which one of the following antihypertensive medications is contraindicated for this patient?
正解：D
解説：
Ramipril, an ACE inhibitor, is contraindicated in pregnancy due to risks of fetal renal dysgenesis, oligohydramnios, and fetal death, especially in the second and third trimesters.
Toronto Notes 2023 - Obstetrics, Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy:
"ACE inhibitors and ARBs are contraindicated in pregnancy due to their teratogenic potential and adverse fetal effects." MCCQE1 Objectives - Obstetrics > Hypertension in Pregnancy:
"Candidates must identify safe antihypertensives during pregnancy and contraindicated medications such as ACE inhibitors and ARBs." Methyldopa, labetalol, nifedipine, and hydralazine are considered safe and are commonly used in pregnancy.
質問 # 235
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