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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Understanding and defining business needs | - Role of procurement in identifying and defining needs - Alignment of procurement with organisational objectives |
| Topic 2: Specification development | - Stakeholder engagement in requirements definition - Key performance indicators and measurable requirements - Types of specifications (input, output, conformance) |
| Topic 3: Demand management and value for money | - Whole life costing and total cost of ownership - Demand analysis and forecasting - Balancing cost, quality, and risk |
| Topic 4: Risk, sustainability, and compliance considerations | - Sustainability and ethical sourcing requirements - Legal and regulatory constraints affecting specifications - Managing procurement and supply risks |
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問題 #153
Due to increasing demand, a local restaurant is requesting its fish vendor to supply larger quantity. The restaurant manager also asks the vendor whether it is possible to reduce the total price by 5%. This is known as...?
答案：A
解題說明：
There are three major types of buying situations, which are new purchase, modified rebuy and straight rebuy. Three factors make the buying situations be different from the others, customers may face different problems in these situations.
A new purchase is a situation requiring the purchase of a product for the very first time.
A straight rebuy is when a company places a second order with a supplier that is identical to the first purchase it made.
A modified rebuy is when a company orders again from a supplier, but wants to change some as-pect of the order, such as the quantity, packaging, product features, or delivery times. The scenario above is an example of modified rebuy.
Reference:
- What is a straight rebuy example?
- CIPS study guide page 3-4
問題 #154
Which of these are variable costs?
* Staff overtime
* Premises costs
* Insurance costs
* Material costs
答案：A
解題說明：
Variable costs are those that fluctuate based on production levels, usage, or business activity. Understanding these is essential when developing a business case, as they affect operational cost planning.
The CIPS L4M2 Study Guide, Chapter 3: Whole-life costing and cost management, defines:
"Variable costs change with the level of output or activity. These include costs such as raw materials, fuel, energy based on usage, and overtime wages." Analysis:
* 1. Staff overtime - Variable. Incurred based on workload or production requirements.
* 2. Premises costs - Fixed. Rent or lease payments do not vary with production.
* 3. Insurance costs - Fixed. Usually a set annual premium.
* 4. Material costs - Variable. Directly linked to the amount of goods produced.
Correct answer: B (1 and 4 only)
CIPS Study Guide Reference:
* Module: L4M2 - Defining Business Needs
* Chapter 3: Cost Types
* Section: Fixed and Variable Costs
問題 #155
Ymira is asked to develop the specification for water purifier which will be used at the company headquarter.
She believes that the specification can be drafted based on the information available on the Internet, such as blog posts, comparison websites, how-to websites, life hacks, etc. Which of the following traits will make the information more useful?
答案：A,C
解題說明：
Internet is a great source of information, however, information from the Internet needs to be tested for accuracy and reliability. To check the information from the Internet, a buyer can use the criteria with acronym SAMOA:
Source (of the information)
Audience (intended as the recipient of the information)
Methodology (used to collect and analyse the data)
Objectivity (of the information - there should be no bias)
Accuracy
Reference: CIPS study guide page 125-126
LO 3, AC 3.1
問題 #156
A charity is reviewing their spend and budget after an operation in flooded areas. They realise that the operators save money against the budgeting plan. This saving is known as...?
答案：C
問題 #157
Which of the following specific markets is most likely to have product shortage by nature?
答案：B
解題說明：
Products used in agriculture can be subject to shortage due to natural disasters.
問題 #158
......
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