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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Cluster Mesh | 10% | - Service Discovery and Load Balancing - Multi-Cluster Connectivity |
| Topic 2: Installation and Configuration | 10% | - Cilium CLI and Configuration - Installation and Connectivity Testing |
| Topic 3: Architecture | 20% | - IP Address Management and Datapath Models - Cilium Architecture and Components |
| Topic 4: Network Policy | 18% | - Identity-Based Network Security - Policy Rules and Enforcement |
| Topic 5: BGP and External Networking | 6% | - Egress Connectivity - Connecting Cilium Clusters to External Networks |
| Topic 6: Service Mesh | 16% | - Traffic Encryption and Service Mesh Architectures - Ingress and Gateway API |
| Topic 7: eBPF | 10% | - eBPF Role and Benefits - eBPF and iptables-Based Networking |
| Topic 8: Network Observability | 10% | - Hubble and Layer 7 Visibility - Hubble CLI and UI |
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NEW QUESTION # 46
Which statement is true about Mutual Authentication with Cilium?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Technical explanation
SPIRE supplies workload identities as SPIFFE Verifiable Identity Documents, including X.509 key material used for mutual authentication. SPIFFE's identity model supports automatic issuance, rotation, and revocation, allowing short-lived certificates to be renewed without manually distributing static credentials.
This makes D the correct statement.
Option A reverses the documented default. Cilium's default SPIRE installation requires persistent-volume support. In-memory storage can be selected for laboratory environments by disabling server data storage, but that setting causes SPIRE data to be recreated if the server pod restarts. Option B also reverses the relationship between the projects: SPIFFE defines the identity standards and APIs, while SPIRE is a production-ready implementation of SPIFFE. Cilium's mutual-authentication integration has been validated with SPIRE.
Option C overstates the operational requirement. A SPIRE server is involved, but Cilium's Helm chart can deploy and configure the supported SPIRE server and per-node agents. Administrators may provide their own deployment, yet a completely manual installation is not mandatory.
Current documentation classifies this mutual-authentication implementation as beta and notes limitations, including incompatibility with Cluster Mesh trust domains. Those maturity constraints do not change the certificate-management behavior described in D.
Official references
Cilium Mutual Authentication .
Study Guide topic: Service Mesh.
NEW QUESTION # 47
What is the default policy enforcement behavior?
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 48
Review the Cilium Network Policy in the YAML file.
It was deployed in the ns-cca namespace on cluster1
Cluster Mesh CiliumNetworkPolicy exhibit
Which statement Is correct?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technical explanation
The policy's endpointSelector selects the ship workload in the namespace containing the CiliumNetworkPolicy , which is ns-cca . It also explicitly includes io.cilium.k8s.policy.cluster: cluster1 , confirming that the selected source endpoint belongs to cluster1.
The egress rule authorizes communication to an endpoint carrying name: base and the cluster label io.cilium.
k8s.policy.cluster: cluster2 . Because the namespaced policy does not specify a different destination namespace through k8s:io.kubernetes.pod.namespace , the intended destination is the corresponding base workload in ns-cca on cluster2. Therefore, A matches the policy.
Options C and D incorrectly describe the rule as a deny rule. Cilium policy rules use an allow-list model unless an explicit egressDeny or ingressDeny section is present. The exhibit contains an ordinary egress rule, so matching traffic is authorized. Option B incorrectly places the destination in default .
Current Cilium versions require explicit cluster targeting for remote endpoints, which this policy provides through the cluster label.
Official references
Cluster Mesh Network Policy , Namespaces in Cilium Policy
Study Guide topic: Cluster Mesh labels, namespaced policies, and cross-cluster endpoint selection.
NEW QUESTION # 49
A user has set up a global service as a Kubernetes user with access to clusters in a Cilium Cluster Mesh. They notice that all traffic is going to remote backend pods. What is a possible explanation?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technical explanation
If a global Service has no healthy local endpoints matching its selector, every available backend can be remote. Cluster Mesh synchronizes remote service and endpoint information, allowing the local Cilium datapath to load-balance requests to backend pods in connected clusters. The absence of local endpoints therefore provides a direct explanation for the observed behavior.
If the local cluster were not part of the Cluster Mesh, its Cilium agents would not normally receive the remote endpoint state needed to route traffic through the global Service, so B does not explain successful remote-only selection. An affinity value of none is the default behavior and expresses no preference between local and remote endpoints. When both categories exist and are healthy, this permits load balancing across both; it does not require every connection to use remote backends.
Setting service.cilium.io/shared: "false" prevents the local Service's backends from being shared with remote clusters. It does not instruct the local cluster to direct all requests toward remote endpoints.
A separate possible cause, not presented among the choices, would be service.cilium.io/affinity: "remote" .
Among the supplied answers, however, A is the valid explanation.
Official references
Service Affinity ; Cluster Mesh .
Study Guide topic: Cluster Mesh.
NEW QUESTION # 50 
Cilium status exhibit
Based on the cilium status output above, what is correct about the Cilium deployment?
For accessibility, the output of the command has been edited.
Answer: C
Explanation:
Technical explanation
The status output reports Operator: OK , followed by Deployment cilium-operator Desired: 1, Ready: 1/1, Available: 1/1 . This establishes that the Cilium Operator is deployed and healthy, making B the intended answer. Cilium uses Kubernetes CustomResourceDefinitions as its default mechanism for storing and propagating cluster state, while the operator performs cluster-wide duties that should be handled once centrally rather than independently on every node.
Option A is contradicted by the exhibit: both hubble-ui and hubble-relay appear as ready deployments and running containers. Option C is incorrect because the resource is explicitly identified as a Deployment ; the cilium agents, by contrast, are shown as a DaemonSet . Option D incorrectly treats the displayed desired replica count as a permanent restriction. A desired count of one describes this installation's current configuration, not a universal maximum.
The exhibit also shows embedded Envoy mode and three healthy Cilium agent instances, but neither detail changes the operator conclusion.
Official references
Cilium Component Overview , Setting up Hubble Observability
Study Guide topic: Cilium components, Cilium Operator, CRD-backed state, and status interpretation.
NEW QUESTION # 51
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